<p>Short Beach is a beach neighborhood situated in Branford, Connecticut, United States. It is the westernmost of Branfords seven neighborhoods, the others being: The Hill, The Center, Pine Orchard, Stony Creek, Indian Neck, and Brushy Hill. Short Beachs population is approximately 2,500. Approximately one-half mile long, it is situated in New Haven County and is bordered by East Haven to the west, Branford to the north and east and Long Island Sound to the south. It is home to many small islands, the largest being Kelsey&#39;s Island which has a few small cabins used as summer homes.</p><br>
<p>Short Beach was once a thriving shoreline vacation village that became almost a completely year-round neighborhood starting in the late 1950s. There are still million-dollar summer homes on the waterfront as well as the old vacation homes. Nowadays Short Beach is a fast-growing area that still retains a neighborhood feel. It is home to people of every economic background and is a safe and heavily policed area. Most of the old cottages have been fixed up, so much so that the area has a newer look than it did just ten years ago. There has been immigration to Short Beach and the New Haven area in general from the former Yugoslavia as well as from the Caribbean.</p><br>
<p>The central portion of the Short Beach neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Short Beach Historic District in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Short Beach is home to half of the famous Shore Line Trolley Museum, which is also in neighboring East Haven. Also in Short Beach are the Yale Corinthian Yacht Club (YCYC), Shore Automotive, the Adult Day Care Center, Short Beach Church, the local fire house, which houses and is owned by Short Beach Hose, Hook and Ladder Volunteer Company 4 of the Branford Fire Department, as well as a U. S. Post Office. Short Beach has three parks, the largest being Pardee Park in the center. Short Beach has a three-day festival at the end of summer called Short Beach Days with a parade, lip-synching contest, races, basketball, and sand castle building.</p><br>
<p>New Haven CT Transit F3, F5 and F6 buses run through Short Beach connecting the neighborhood to East Haven, New Haven, downtown Branford and go as far as Seymour and Ansonia.</p><br>
<p>Short Beach is known for a population of monk parakeets that live there. It is said that they escaped from captivity and never left the neighborhood. The parrots took up residence in the community&#39;s trees and can be heard and seen all year long.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Short Beach was occupied by the Quinnipiac and possibly the Paugussett tribes in the 17th century but this information is still disputed. It became part of Branford when the town was established in 1644. The area remained largely undeveloped until the post-Civil War period, when it began a slow development as a summer resort area. By the 1890s the area featured a hotel and a number of seasonal and year-round residences along Beckett Avenue. From 1891 until she died in 1919, poet Ella Wheeler Wilcox lived on the Short Beach coast overlooking Granite Bay. Wilcox was influential in promoting the area, and its growth was assured when the Branford Electric Railway ran its line near Short Beach in 1897. The area&#39;s popularity as a summer resort area peaked in the early 1920s, after which it was subjected to increasing suburbanization.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Short Beach has a temperate climate and has hot summers and cold winters.</p><br>
<p>Many oak trees, apple trees, prickly pear, pines and maples grow in the area.</p><br>
<p>Common animals in the area include monk parakeets, known locally as "Short Beach parrots," raccoons, mice, possums, skunks, gulls, pigeons, common terns, ducks, deer, coyotes, bobcats, turkeys and chickens. Cornsnakes also live in some Short Beach areas.</p><br>
<p>Free Frank McWorter  was an American born into slavery who bought his freedom in Kentucky and in 1836 founded the town of New Philadelphia in Illinois; he was the first African American to plat and register a town, and establish a planned community in the United States. The New Philadelphia town site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009 and made a National Park Service site in 2022.</p><br>
<p>Frank McWorter was born enslaved on a Southern plantation to an enslaved African American mother. His and his mothers white enslaver was also his biological father. As an adult, in his spare time, after completing work for his enslaver (and father), Frank was allowed to use a cave to gather and prepare for sale saltpeter, a natural ingredient for gunpowder. In this way, Frank saved sufficient funds first to buy his wifes freedom, and Frank then bought his own (thus, he became "Free" Frank). He eventually gave up his saltpeter operation in exchange for the freedom of some of his children and moved to Illinois. Over several decades, McWorter and his estate spent about $500,000 (in 2021 dollars) to buy the freedom of some 15 to 22 enslaved family members in Kentucky. Several of these freedom purchases were financed by selling his New Philadelphia, Illinois lots.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, a local history group recruited archaeologists to explore the long-abandoned Illinois town site. Teams from the University of Maryland, College Park, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and De Paul University have worked for years on research and excavations, collected data about residents from census and land records, and turned up thousands of artifacts. In addition, they have trained students at summer field schools and published reports, articles, and books on the history of McWorter, his family, and his town.</p><br>
<p>McWorter&#39;s descendants donated the collected 11 volumes of documentation to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in February 2008. In addition, the family donated a bronze bust of Frank McWorter by his great-great-granddaughter Shirley McWorter Moss.</p><br>
<h2>Biography</h2><br>
<p>Frank McWorter was born in 1777 into slavery in South Carolina to Juda, born in West Africa, abducted into slavery and transported to the colony. His father was likely her white enslaver, George McWhorter, a Scots-Irish planter. According to family tradition, Juda had to convince McWhorter to allow his mixed-race son to live.</p><br>
<p>In 1795, McWhorter moved to Pulaski County, Kentucky, and took Frank to build and later manage his holdings there. Frank tended the farm, but McWhorter also leased him to work for neighbors as a laborer. From being hired out, Frank learned business skills and earned more money than his master required him to hand over. After McWhorter moved to Tennessee, he continued having Frank manage his Kentucky farm. Frank used his savings to create a saltpeter production operation, for which considerable demand was during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<h3>Marriage and family</h3><br>
<p>In 1799, Frank married Lucy, an enslaved African American on a neighboring plantation. They had 13 children born into slavery, of whom four – Juda, Frank, Sally, and Solomon – survived. By 1817, Frank had earned enough money to buy Lucy from her master for $800 (~$ in ). She was pregnant at the time with their son Squire, and because she was now free, he was (later) freeborn. Two years later, in 1819, Frank bought his freedom at the same price. He then called himself "Free Frank", which served as notice that he was legally free and that it was known to townspeople that he was free. It was not uncommon for free black citizens to be kidnapped and enslaved. In 1829, Free Frank traded his saltpeter plant for the freedom of his son Frank, who had fled to Canada and was a fugitive. This allowed his son to return to the United States as a free man. By this time, he and Lucy also had three surviving freeborn children: Squire, Commodore, and Lucy Ann.</p><br>
<h3>Move to Illinois</h3><br>
<p>In 1830, Frank, Lucy, and their four free children moved to Pike County, Illinois. By the second year, they started farming. In 1836 Frank filed a plat to create the village of New Philadelphia on 80 acre which he had purchased from the federal government for $100 (~$ in ). The town site, divided into 144 lots, was registered with government authorities in 1836. McWorter established residence in New Philadelphia with his family and sold other lots to new residents. Both blacks and whites settled there and supported an integrated school. It was the crossroads of an agricultural community and, when founded, proposed as being on the route of a planned Illinois-Michigan canal (which was never built.)</p><br>
<p>In 1837, Free Frank petitioned the Illinois legislature (as was required) to officially take the surname McWorter. In that same year, the legislation was passed to "make Frank McWorter his legal name." This technicality gave him certain rights normally reserved for white men in Illinois. He could bring lawsuits to court and legally marry his wife of over 40 years. But, he still could not vote."</p><br>
<p>McWorter was the first black man in the United States to incorporate a municipality. He served as mayor of New Philadelphia, which was soon settled by African and European Americans, for years.</p><br>
<p>McWorter lived most of the rest of his life in western Illinois, with intervals in Kentucky before the American Civil War to buy freedom for his three grown children and grandchildren left in Kentucky. For instance, in 1835, he returned and purchased the freedom of his son Solomon. On each trip, he risked capture by unscrupulous slave traders despite his legally free status.</p><br>
<p>McWorter died on September 7, 1854; by then, he had bought the freedom of eight more of his relatives. Through his work, he gained freedom for 16 members of his family. His heirs used his inheritance to free seven more relatives.</p><br>
<h2>Town&#39;s decline</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, the first railroad was built through Pike County, bypassing New Philadelphia to the north for Baylis, which had a train station. Businesses moved there for better access. The population of New Philadelphia rapidly declined. By the end of the nineteenth century, some townsites had reverted to farmland for cultivation, but other areas were inhabited through the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>McWorter&#39;s gravesite was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is located about 4 miles east of Barry, Illinois, off USA Route 36.</p><br>
<p>A portion of I-72 in Pike County was designated the Frank McWorter Memorial Highway.</p><br>
<p>The New Philadelphia Town Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>(about some of Free Frank&#39;s descendants).</p><br>
<p>Walker, Juliet E. K., Free Frank: A Black Pioneer on the Antebellum Frontier, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Winston County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Double Springs, Alabama, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 27, 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Winston County Courthouse was created by the organization commission for Hancock County appointed April 8, 1850. Residents of Hancock county, which was later named Winston county, were asked to contribute supplies, equipment and manpower to the construction.</p><br>
<p>The commission asked every one present to return home and tell their neighbors to all meet at this site (now known as Old Houston). Their instructions were to "bring your teams, camping equipment, axes, and other tools."</p><br>
<p>By noon on the appointed date, about fifty men had arrived. They cleared the courthouse construction site by the first afternoon. By the next morning the number of workers reached about 75 men from all parts of the county. Most of those present were sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons of Revolutionary Soldiers. At least half a dozen citizens had already split out the wood, and had dried puncheons to make the floor. The new court house was built, log-cabin style, 16 ft by 24 ft of large logs halved on both sides, making the walls about 8 inches thick. It was covered with clapboards, rib-pole, end-pole, and weight-pole style; and floored with split-log puncheons about 4 inches thick and some 12 in wide, on bark peeled logs about 3 ft apart; bark taken off for joists on which was the loft.</p><br>
<p>The cracks were lined on inside and out. The building set north and south, with a door 4 ft wide in the south end. A stone chimney was built at the north end, about 8 ft wide, to burn logs six feet long. There were windows on the side of the chimney about 2 ft wide and 3 ft high. Doors and windows had wood shutters made of thick boards, and swung on wood hinges. The roof was clapboards about 4 ft long. Benches were made out of puncheons with large peg legs. The building nearly ready in two days. Workers went home but returned May 27 and completed it.</p><br>
<p>When Hancock County was renamed Winston in 1858, the courthouse was moved to the present site of Houston, beside where the old jail now stands. A fire destroyed the courthouse on August 23, 1864; an act passed on December 11, 1865, authorized the building of the jail and court house, which burned again on February 23, 1868. A special tax was levied on February 1, 1871, to rebuild it again.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 when the eastern portion of the county was annexed into Cullman County, Houston was no longer in the center of the county. House bill #264 was passed December 12, 1882 to move the county seat to Double Springs; the move was made on July 23, 1883. A 40 x 60 wooden building consisting of two stories was the court house building in Double Springs. On August 5, 1891, fire spread through this court house destroying it.</p><br>
<p>Work was commenced on May 29, 1893, on the new court house. William C. Miles and a Mr. Coley, from Birmingham, worked on the building for Andrew Jackson Ingle, and the rock wagons continued "as regular as clock work." Francis Hadder was the carpenter and James Samuel Snoddy was the assistant. This time the new building consisted of the native sand rock like several buildings in town. It was completed in 1894 at a cost of $12,444.</p><br>
<h2>Improvements</h2><br>
<p>In 1911 an annex was added during the administration of John S. Curtis, Probate Judge, at a cost of $4,000. A new fire-proof wing and jail were added to the court house in 1929 by Warren, Knight, and Davis of Birmingham for about $70,000. The lowest bid for construction was awarded to the local firm of Burdick and Woodruff. In the 1950s a $35,000 addition was added to the east wing. In 1962, Dobbs and Dobbs of Haleyville got a contract to add an addition to the wing on the north side for $77,900. This gave additional room in the jail, and the lower part is now used for the commissioners&#39; office. Kermit Adams quarried this rock at Black Pond and laid the rock on this addition. In the summer of 1982, Nolan Smith built a wood addition for $38,950.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>"The Creation and Organization of Hancock County" by Judge John Bennett Weaver</p><br>
<p>the Acts of Alabama</p><br>
<p>information obtained from the Winston County Court House, including the county commission department</p><br>
<p>the Double Springs Centennial Scrapbook</p><br>
<p>The Paddock Arcade is a 19th-century shopping mall located in Watertown, New York. Built in 1850, it is the second oldest covered shopping mall in the United States. Since it has seen uninterrupted use after opening in 1850, it carries the distinction of being the country&#39;s oldest, continuously operating enclosed shopping mall. The Paddock Arcade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Location and architecture</h2><br>
<p>At No. 1 Public Square, the arcade remains the benchmark structure in Watertown&#39;s historic downtown district. The structure runs perpendicular to the adjoining Paddock Building. The arcade was built in the Gothic style, topped with a glass roof that allowed daylight to filter through. The Paddock Building contains a 19th-century Italianate facade.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The arcade was built by Watertown native Loveland Paddock and designed by architect Otis Wheelock. It was based on similar arcades built during that era in the United States and Europe. Shops occupied the bottom floor, while the upper floors were used for office space.</p><br>
<p>In about 1916, a large section of the Paddock Building was demolished to make way for the six-story Woolworth Building. In the 1920s, arcade owners put forth a major redesign of the arcade, eschewing its original Gothic interior with a more modern design, which included the installation of the current translucent, steel-and-wire-glass dropped ceiling between its second and third stories. This ceiling still allowed light to filter in from the arcade&#39;s glass roof.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The arcade still functions as a shopping and business center in Watertowns downtown district. In recent years, structural and aesthetic improvements, coupled with new businesses are helping to guarantee the arcades future. The arcade is the current (2024) home to Planned Parenthood, Johnny Ds Casual Dining, Paddock Club Tavern, O-HO Boba Tea, CaffeineHolic, Paddock Arts & Antiques, Laborers Local 1822, Kellogg & Kellogg LLP, Yoga House, American Kang Duk Wan Karate Assoc., Inked Arches, The Speakeasy Hair Salon, Anbu Tattoo, Vitos Gourmet. In 2007, it was announced that the arcade would be host to Watertowns popular farmers&#39; market for its extended fall season.</p><br>
<p>Belle Meade Plantation, now officially titled Belle Meade Historic Site and Winery, is a historic farm established in 1807 in Nashville, Tennessee, built, owned, and controlled by five generations of the Harding-Jackson family for nearly a century. The farm, named "Belle Meade" , grew to encompass 5,400 acres  at its zenith and used a labor force of 136 enslaved workers. The farm&#39;s centerpiece was a Greek revival mansion built in 1853. Belle Meade Farm gained a national reputation in the latter half of the 19th century for breeding thoroughbred horse racing stock, notably a celebrated stallion, Iroquois. In the Civil War, when the Union Army took control of Nashville, the mansion was pillaged and looted by soldiers who spent weeks quartered there; the owner was imprisoned. In the aftermath, the plantation recovered, but with greatly reduced capacity. Roughly half of the enslaved persons returned as paid employees after the war and lived in their own homes nearby. After a financial downturn in 1893 and later the death of the owner and his heir, the estate was dismantled and sold in parcels in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Much of the vast area of the original plantation became incorporated in 1938 as the City of Belle Meade that became an upscale residential area that included Nashville&#39;s Cheekwood Botanical Gardens, Percy Warner Park, and The Belle Meade Country Club. Since 1953, the mansion has been administered in trust by the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities, a private non-profit corporation. In the 1970s, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The historic site is now operated as an attraction, museum, winery (non-profit), and onsite restaurant together with various outbuildings on 30 remaining acres of property. Many original outbuildings are preserved, including a dairy, gardener&#39;s house, carriage house, stable, mausoleum, and the original Harding Cabin. Since the 1990s, the management has made an effort to reconcile the past by featuring stories of African Americans who worked there before and after emancipation.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>John Harding bought a cabin and near the Natchez Trace; enslaved people began to clear and develop the land. They also built their own slave quarters, which are documented as two-family cabins.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s Harding commissioned the first red brick Federal-style house on a small hill near Richland Creek. The entrance façade featured a two-story, five-bay block constructed on a limestone foundation and flanked with symmetrical one-story wings. Chimneys flanked the central block as well as the two hyphens (wings).</p><br>
<p>His son William Giles Harding took over operating Belle Meade in 1839, as his father was developing another farm in Arkansas. William G. Harding began to acquire more land for breeding and raising high-quality livestock, first emphasizing thoroughbred horses and adding cattle, sheep, and other breeds. He ultimately owned. In 1853, he had the house altered and enlarged in a Greek-Revival style. Stucco was applied to cover the red bricks, and a two-story veranda was created on the central block, featuring six solid limestone pillars quarried at Belle Meade and styled in the Doric order. A solid limestone pediment entablature is set above the columns.</p><br>
<p>A two-story kitchen extension was attached to the house via a two-level breezeway. This was customary to keep the heat of the kitchen away from the main house. The breezeway was enclosed in the 20th century by successive families living at Belle Meade. Through the 1880s and 1890s a Dairy, Carriage House, and Stable were also added. William G. Harding had a mausoleum built in 1839 for the interment of family members.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The 14 ft high central Entrance Hall runs the full length of the house from west to east, following the prevailing wind direction for natural cooling. The walls display thoroughbred horse paintings by 19th-century painters Edward Troye, Harry Hall, Henry Stull, Herbert Kittredge, and Henri De Lattre that depict some of the most famous horses. On the north end of the hall, double parlors feature wood of the tulip poplar, Tennessee&#39;s state tree. The library and dining rooms are found to the south. These rooms feature portraits of the Harding family and chandeliers that were once lit with methane gas.</p><br>
<p>The central hall configuration is found on the second and third floors as well, accessed by the winding cantilevered, Second Empire-style staircase carved from cherry. The second floor contains two connected bedrooms to the north and a guest bedroom and master bedroom to the south. William Hicks Jackson, son-in-law of William Giles Harding, modernized the interior of the house in 1883, adding three full bathrooms, complete with hot and cold running water. In 1907, just after being sold, the home was outfitted with an additional bathroom complete with a surrounding needlepoint shower which was believed to help circulation and those suffering from arthritis.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion also has a cellar, which was uncommon at the time. It contained a steam engine and a boiler to power the hot and cold running water for the home.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>Today, Belle Meade&#39;s grounds cover 30 acre and have 10 outbuildings scattered throughout the estate, including the original 1790s log cabin purchased by John Harding in 1807 with the property. Harding added the Smokehouse in 1826, and through various expansions, became the largest in the South. As much as 20,000 lb of pork was recorded as smoked here annually.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings that were added later by William G. Harding and his Harding-Jackson descendants include: an 1870s Childrens Playhouse that was used by the Harding children, the 1884 Dairy that supplied fresh milk, cream, cheese, and produced up to 240 lb of butter each week, the 1892 Carriage and Stable House showcases the Harding and Jackson families carriage collection and includes one of the most impressive carriage collections to be found.</p><br>
<p>A Visitors Center was constructed on the grounds in 1990 to serve as a central point for guests to arrive, sell tickets and serve as a Gift Shop. In 2009, Belle Meade opened Nashvilles first Winery; it features Tennessee red and white wines made from the native southern grape, the muscadine, and blackberry fruit. Additionally, the onsite restaurant, the Belle Meade Meat and Three, offers smoked meats, fresh cooked vegetables, biscuits, cornbread and homemade desserts.</p><br>
<p>The landscape and drainage was designed by Ossian Cole Simonds in the 1910s. His design emphasized the landscape&#39;s topography and created the first pocket parks in Nashville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1807, Virginian John Harding bought Dunhams Station log cabin and 250 acre on the Natchez Trace, an ancient Native American path connecting their settlements in present-day Tennessee and Mississippi. He began to develop a farm, naming it "Belle Meade" — French/Old English for "beautiful meadow". Harding operated various businesses, such as a blacksmith shop, cotton gin, and grist and saw mills. By 1816, Harding was boarding horses for neighbors such as Andrew Jackson and breeding thoroughbreds, as well as racing them. Middle Tennessee became known for raising purebred livestock, including cattle, sheep and horses. In 1823 Harding registered his own racing silks with the Nashville Jockey Club (an association of thoroughbred owners). He trained horses on the track at his farm at McSpaddens Bend, which he bought for his son William.</p><br>
<p>William Giles Harding first worked the McSpadden Bend property along the Cumberland River. He inherited Belle Meade in 1839. During the following decades he acquired additional property to total 5,400 acre; by the time of the Civil War, he held 136 enslaved African Americans. In 1853 he incorporated his father&#39;s house into a much larger mansion. William Giles Harding would marry Elizabeth McGavock of Carnton; they had two daughters who survived to adulthood named Selene and Mary. With the onset of the Civil War in 1861, Harding had to suspend his racing and breeding operations. As a staunch supporter of the Confederate States of America, he donated $20,000 of his own money, and raised $500,000 total to the costs of the Confederate States Army. In return he was made a Brigadier General and placed in charge of the Nashville Munitions Factory. After Union forces took control of Nashville in April 1862, Harding was arrested. He was sent North and imprisoned in Fort Mackinac in Michigan for six months before paying a $20,000 bond and signing the oath of allegiance to the United States before being released under house arrest at Belle Meade.</p><br>
<p>Confederate General James Chalmers occupied Belle Meade as his headquarters during the Battle of Nashville. Early on December 15, 1864, Union and Confederate forces fought at the family&#39;s racetrack about a mile northeast of the Mansion</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, Harding resumed his successful horse farming operations with a reduced workforce. Of the 136 enslaved people who worked and lived at Belle Meade prior to the war, 72 chose to work for pay with Harding immediately after slavery&#39;s end. Most lived in housing off the property though some would continue to live in cabins on site. Everyone who remained as paid staff had to sign a contract of "18 Rules & Regulations" that included fines for breaking any of them.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Harding&#39;s eldest daughter Selene married William Hicks Jackson, a friend of the family from before the Civil War. He had served in the Confederate Army, reaching the rank of Brigadier General. William Guiles Harding agreed to the marriage if the couple agreed to live at Belle Meade following their wedding. Selene managed the household affairs, and Jackson co-managed the farm with his father-in-law Harding. Among their children were son William Harding Jackson (1874–1903), Eunice Jackson Marks, and Selene Jackson Elliston.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, Harding and Jackson decided to retire the racing silks and focus exclusively on breeding. Harding held annual yearling sales, sometimes at Belle Meade, and on some occasions taking the horses by train to Long Island, New York. The two men developed Belle Meade into a nationally renowned thoroughbred farm and showplace for high-quality livestock. The farm also sold breeding stock of ponies, Alderney cattle, Cotswold sheep, and Cashmere goats. The estate also featured a 500-acre deer park. Belle Meade had many successful thoroughbred studs, including Bonnie Scotland and Enquirer, whose bloodlines long dominated racing in America. Jackson attracted international fame in 1886 by buying the stallion Iroquois to stand at stud; the horse was ranked in 1892 as the leading sire in the United States. In 1881, Iroquois was the first American-bred Thoroughbred to win the Epsom Derby in England.</p><br>
<p>Jackson enjoyed the sport of live bird wing shooting. He donated a parcel of land on the estate to build a shooting lodge, and founded the Belle Meade Gun Club in 1898. The club hosted the USA Wing Shot Championship in October, 1998. Celebrity exhibition marksman, Annie Oakley, visited the Belle Meade Gun Club on October 26, 1899, as a special guest in a shooting competition.</p><br>
<p>William Hicks Jackson died in 1903, and his adult son, William Harding Jackson, died later the same year from Typhoid fever.Due to financial problems since the Panic of 1893 combined with the advent of baseball, which meant that horse racing was no longer the top American sport, and the temperance movement against horse racing and associated gambling, the trustee of the estate decided to sell Belle Meade in 1906.</p><br>
<p>A business syndicate called The Belle Meade Land Company purchased a large portion of the Belle Meade acreage to develop a residential community that would also be called "Belle Meade". After raising private donations, the company released the deer from the fenced park. In 1938, most of Belle Meade&#39;s former acreage was incorporated into the independent city of Belle Meade, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion and 30 acres were preserved by private owners. Five other families would live in the home until 1953, when the State of Tennessee bought the Mansion and eight outbuildings on the property to ensure its preservation. The state deeded the property to the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities. It is operated as an attraction, museum, winery and onsite restaurant. In the 1970s, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Holmes Run Acres is a community of 355 houses in Fairfax County, Virginia, in the Washington, D.C. suburbs. Nearly all of the neighborhood is within the Holmes Run Acres Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The first Fairfax County subdivision designed by architects Nicholas Satterlee and Francis D. Lethbridge, Holmes Run Acres influenced the architecture and site planning at nearby Pine Spring and elsewhere, including the Potomac Overlook and Carderock Springs historic districts in Montgomery County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Holmes Run Acres also includes Woodburn Elementary School, the Holmes Run Acres Recreation Association community pool, and Luria Park, a 4.2 acre Fairfax County park that has been planned and maintained jointly by the county and local residents since the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Holmes Run Acres was developed by brothers Gerald and Eli Luria, who offered the public "a unique opportunity to own a contemporary style home" in the Holmes Run stream valley. Eli Luria, who attended art school at the Corcoran School and UCLA, cited his introduction to Francis D. Lethbridge, and a 1939 speech by Frank Lloyd Wright, as the Lurias&#39; inspiration to build modern homes. Architect Lethbridge cited Harvard architecture professor Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus movement as influences.</p><br>
<p>Holmes Run Acres houses were "individually positioned with regard to street, neighbors, terrain, climate factors." Despite designing only a few basic house types—a cost-saving measure dictated by the builders—Satterlee and Lethbridge "attained by shifting the position of houses on the lots, putting carports in different positions... and by varying the street patterns." Meticulous site planning, including the architects&#39; subdivision of the land into irregularly-sized and shaped lots, was "an important factor in the general attractiveness of Holmes Run Acres."</p><br>
<p>Homes in Holmes Run Acres were constructed in three phases between 1951 and 1960:</p><br>
<p>Luria Brothers Development - approximately 260 homes during 1951–52. Architects: Nicholas Satterlee and Francis D. Lethbridge</p><br>
<p>Gaddy & Gaddy Construction Company - 71 homes during 1954–55. Architects: Nicholas Satterlee and Francis D. Lethbridge</p><br>
<p>Andre Bodor - 15 units during 1957–60</p><br>
<p>The Luria brothers built their homes west of Executive Avenue, Gaddy built homes east of Executive Avenue, and Bodor built homes at the connection of Surrey Lane and Gallows Road.</p><br>
<p>The Southwest Research Institutes Housing Research Foundation awarded Holmes Run Acres its seal of approval in July 1951, praising the "frank expression of post-and-beam construction" and the architects consideration for the orientation and privacy of each home. In 1952 the foundation&#39;s merit award jurors, including Philip Johnson and Douglas Haskell, cited Homes Run Acres for an honorable mention—with first place awarded to builder Joseph Eichler, and California architects Anshen & Allen and Jones & Emmons, for their work on four pioneer Eichler subdivisions.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1950s Holmes Run Acres Civic Association organized construction of the first community swimming pool in Fairfax County and, in cooperation with the Fairfax County Park Authority, turned a dump site into Luria Park, the first neighborhood park in the county.</p><br>
<p>Woodburn School opened in 1953, with Holmes Run Acres residents responsible for preservation of trees and construction of the original playground and tennis courts at Woodburn. A year later, in the wake of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the membership of the Woodburn PTA "stepped forward as the first school organization in county to express formal approval of integration."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Holmes Run Acres was listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register in December 2006, and on the National Register of Historic Places in March 2007. Holmes Run Acres is the first Mid-Century modern community in Virginia to be designated as a landmark/historic place.</p><br>
<p>The listed district is 140 acre that included, in 2007, 291 contributing buildings, three contributing sites, and one other contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>Nanih Waiya  is an ancient platform mound in southern Winston County, Mississippi, constructed by indigenous people during the Middle Woodland period, about 300 to 600 CE. Since the 17th century, the Choctaw and Chickasaw have venerated Nanih Waiya mound and a nearby cave as their sacred origin location.</p><br>
<p>The earthwork mound of Nanih Waiya is about 25 ft tall, 140 ft wide, and 220 ft long. Evidence suggests it was originally a larger platform mound, which has eroded into the present shape. At one time, it was bounded on three sides by a circular earthwork enclosure about ten feet tall, which encompassed one square mile. The Choctaw lost control of this property during the 1830s and period of their removal to Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>After being privately owned, the state acquired it to preserve the ancient site and operated it as a park. In 2006, the Mississippi Legislature&#39;s State Bill 2803 officially returned control of the site to the Luke Family, and T. W. Luke deeded it to the State on the condition that it be maintained as a park.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Luke family deeded control of the site to the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, a federally recognized tribe. Nanih Waiya has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973 for its significance.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological evidence</h2><br>
<p>The earliest archaeological evidence of occupation at Nanih Waiya is dated to about 300 to 600 CE during the Middle Woodland, when it was probably built. This makes Nanih Waiya contemporaneous with the Hopewell culture, as well as ancient sites such as the Pinson Mounds in Tennessee and Ingomar Mound in Mississippi. The dating was based on surface artifacts, as no archeological excavation of the mound has ever been undertaken. Its occupation apparently continued at least to 700 CE, in the Late Woodland period.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists have not documented any use by the succeeding Mississippian culture, but they suggest that Nanih Waiya has been used for religious purposes throughout its history. The nineteenth-century naturalist and physician Gideon Lincecum recorded a surviving Choctaw oral tradition of their arrival in the area and the construction of the mound.</p><br>
<p>According to oral history, the Choctaw people had wandered in the wilderness for 42 Green Corn Festivals, through which they carried the bones of their dead, who outnumbered the living. They finally found a leaning hill, where the magical staff indicated they should stay. It was then bountiful land. The tribal council proposed they build a mound of earth to respectfully inter the bones of their ancestors, which they agreed to do. First, they erected a frame of branches. Then these were covered over, and layers of earth were deposited during their domestic tasks. At last, the mound reached great size. When they finished, they celebrated their forty-third Green Corn Festival since wandering in the wilderness. They said that once the main mound had been completed, smaller conical earthen mounds were built and used for single burials.</p><br>
<p>The mound has been a site of pilgrimage for the Choctaw since the seventeenth century, but they have not held any major festivals there. Their religion was private, and involved rituals related to death and burial, and to communication with spirits. Despite the traditional account, some anthropologists noted that unlike other tribes, the Choctaw do not appear to have practiced the Green Corn ceremony. In the 1850s, observers noted smaller mounds near Nanih Waiya, but these have since been plowed away and were never dated. They may have been constructed by the later Mississippian-culture peoples, who developed a widespread network after the Woodland period. As there is no archaeological data, historical records, nor Choctaw stories of these small mounds, nothing may ever be known about them.</p><br>
<h2>Cave</h2><br>
<p>One mile east, across the county line into Neshoba County of the platform mound, is a natural hill near Nanih Waiya Creek, surrounded by woods. Within this hill, sometimes called Nanih Waiya Cave Mound, is Nanih Waiya cave, considered by many Choctaw to be the site of their emergence onto the surface of the earth. The cave may have had four entrances at one point. In 1973, two cave explorers surveyed the cave and were able to travel 137 feet down. Thirty-five feet from the entrance was water, which deepened as the cavers progressed.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 21st century, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians have regained control of these sites, acquiring the land by purchase. Under Miko Beasley Denson, the tribe purchased the site in 2008 and began holding annual Nanih Waiya Day celebrations each August with Choctaw foods and dances.</p><br>
<h2>Choctaw beliefs</h2><br>
<p>Some Choctaw believe that Nanih Waiya is the "Mother Mound" (Inholitopa iski) where the first Choctaw was created. As told by some Choctaw storytellers, it was either from Nanih Waiya or a cave nearby that the Choctaw people emerged to the world. There are many variations of the story.</p><br>
<p>According to some versions, the mound (or nearby cave) is also the origin of the Chickasaw and Creek people, and possibly even the Cherokee. (Note: As the Cherokee are an Iroquoian-language people (distantly related to the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy formerly based in New York and south of the Great Lakes), anthropologists and historians believe they migrated later than this period into the Southeast. The Cherokee oral history also tells of their migration to the Southeast. They are not considered one of the peoples who coalesced in this region from the indigenous ancestors who built Nanih Waiya.)</p><br>
<p>Others believe Nanih Waiya is the location where the Choctaw tribe ceased their wanderings and settled after their origin further to the west. George Catlin&#39;s Smithsonian Report in 1885 included a traditional story of the Choctaw that recounted their following a prophet from an origin in the west:</p><br>
<p>The Choctaws a great many winters ago commenced moving from the country where they then lived, which was a great distance to the west of the great river and the mountains of snow, and they were a great many years on their way. A great medicine man led them the whole way, by going before with a red pole, which he stuck in the ground every night where they encamped. This pole was every morning found leaning to the east, and he told them that they must continue to travel to the east until the pole would stand upright in their encampment, and that there the Great Spirit had directed that they should live.</p><br>
<p>They say that Nanih Waiya, which means "leaning hill," "stooping hill," or "place of creation" in Choctaw, was the final destination of their migration.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>During the Indian Removal era, the Choctaw ceded millions of acres of their territory, including Nanih Waiya, to the United States under the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, drawn up September 15–27, 1830. In the 1840s, the Choctaw Claims Commission of the United States investigated violations of the treaty by USA citizens. J.F.H. Claiborne later wrote about the investigations, "Many of the Choctaws examined... regard this mound as the mother, or birth-place of the tribe, and more than one claimant declared that he would not quit the country as long as remained."</p><br>
<p>The state of Mississippi preserved Nanih Waiya as a state park for years. It was also recognized as a significant site by the federal government, which listed it on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 the Mississippi Legislature State Bill 2803 officially returned control of the site to the Luke Family, who had privately owned it. T. W. Luke had deeded it to the State with the condition that it be maintained as a park. The 150 acre property reverted to the Luke family when the State stopped maintaining the park.</p><br>
<p>In August 2008, the Luke family deeded the mound to the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, a federally recognized tribe. The Choctaw have declared August 18 as a tribal holiday to mark the return of the mound, and have used the occasion for telling stories of their origin and history, and performances of dances.</p><br>
<p>The Kaufman Astoria Studios is a film studio located in the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City. The studio was constructed for Famous Players–Lasky in 1920, since it was close to Manhattan&#39;s Theater District. The property was taken over by real estate developer George S. Kaufman in 1982 and renamed Kaufman Astoria Studios.</p><br>
<p>The studio is home to New York City&#39;s only backlot, which opened in December 2013. The property was designated a national historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The studio was originally constructed for Famous Players–Lasky in 1920 to provide the company with a facility close to the Broadway theater district. Many features and short subjects were filmed there between 1920 and 1933. W. C. Fields made his silent features there. The first Sherlock Holmes sound film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes (also 1929), was made at the studio by the British producer Basil Dean. The first two films featuring the Marx Brothers, The Cocoanuts (1929) and Animal Crackers (1930), were shot at the Astoria Studio.</p><br>
<p>Paramount used the Astoria studio heavily in the early years of talking pictures, primarily for short subjects starring New York-based stage and radio performers: Burns and Allen, Eddie Cantor, Tom Howard, Ethel Merman, Rudy Vallee, Lillian Roth, and many others. During this period the studio facility was known as the Paramount Studio.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, after Paramount Pictures moved all studio operations to California, the Astoria location was turned over to independent producers, including Walter Wanger, whose films were released through Paramount or other Hollywood film companies. All the films starring tango icon Carlos Gardel made in the United States were shot at Astoria Studios. Gloria Swanson cites the studio as, "the studio where I&#39;d been making all of my pictures since 1923" in her autobiography Swanson on Swanson. In 1938...One Third of a Nation... was the last feature film to be shot there during that era.</p><br>
<p>Educational Pictures rented space at the facility during the 1930s, until Educational closed its doors in 1938. The last theatrical films produced at Astoria were a series of short Robert Benchley comedies released by Paramount between 1940 and 1942.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, the United States Army Signal Corps Army Pictorial Service took over the studio for the making of Army training films until 1971, including The Big Picture, shown on American network television and later in syndication.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the studio opened again for shooting on Thieves.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the property was designated a national historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places. The district encompasses six contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, New York City received an Urban Development Action Grant from the federal government for the renovation and expansion of the studio which Kenneth Schuman, NYC Commissioner for Economic Development, described as being of "compelling public interest".</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the property was taken over by real estate developer George S. Kaufman and renamed Kaufman Astoria Studios.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Kaufman Astoria Studios has seven sound stages including the new Stage K, designed by the Janson Design Group.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Martin P. Robinson, who plays Mr. Snuffleupagus, Telly Monster, and Slimey the Worm on Sesame Street, married Annie Evans, a writer for the show on the Sesame Street set. The ceremony was performed on the steps of 123 Sesame Street and the reception was held throughout the rest of the set.</p><br>
<p>On December 3, 2013, a 34,800 square foot backlot was dedicated. It is the only studio backlot in New York City.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Kaufman Astoria Studios announced plans to build a new 18,000-square-foot sound stage on its Astoria campus within two years.</p><br>
<p>In 2020, Kaufman Astoria Studios announced a five-block redevelopment project around the studio, in conjunction with Larry Silverstein, Bedrock Real Estate, and ODA Architecture. The area would be called Innovation QNS and stretch from 37th to 43rd Streets from 35th to 36th Avenues. The project, to cost $2 billion, would add 2,700 residential units, 200,000 ft2 for shops and restaurants, and 250,000 ft2 for creative industries. Construction could begin in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Notable productions</h2><br>
<p>Motion pictures filmed there include the musicals Hair and The Wiz, and the films Goodfellas and Carlitos Way. In 1984, The Jacksons music video "Torture" was filmed there as well. The 1986 movie The Money Pit starring Tom Hanks and Shelley Long. Many sequences, especially the visitation sequence in 2002 TV mini series Angels in America, were also shot there. A 2009 remake, The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3, also used the studios. In 2011, the remake of Arthur filmed a few scenes there.</p><br>
<p>Television shows filmed at the studio include Sesame Street, Succession, Orange Is The New Black, Onion News Network, Johnny and the Sprites,</p><br>
<p>Bear in the Big Blue House, Between the Lions, The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, Oobi, Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego, and its successor Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego? Other projects recorded at the studios have included Judge Judy, Power of 10, The Cosby Show, Cosby, The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd, Swans Crossing, Law & Order, Million Dollar Password, the 2009 pilot of The $1,000,000 Pyramid, Video Power, Spin City, Generation Gap and Mariah Carey&#39;s MTV Unplugged. WFAN, a local sports radio station owned by Audacy, was formerly based at the studio before moving to lower Manhattan in the fall of 2009.</p><br>
<h3>Performers&#39; images</h3><br>
<p>The walls of the studio are lined with signed images of the performers who have worked in the studios, including Milton Berle, Frank Sinatra, The Marx Brothers, Ginger Rogers, George Burns, Lena Horne, Ethel Merman, Paul Robeson, Lillian Gish, Claudette Colbert, Gloria Swanson, Maurice Chevalier, Jeanette MacDonald, Diana Ross, and Jerry Orbach.</p><br>
<p>The Cyrus McCormick Farm and Workshop is on the family farm of inventor Cyrus Hall McCormick known as Walnut Grove. Cyrus Hall McCormick improved and patented the mechanical reaper, which eventually led to the creation of the combine harvester.</p><br>
<p>The farm is near Steele&#39;s Tavern and Raphine, close to the northern border of Rockbridge and Augusta counties in the USA state of Virginia, and is currently a museum run by the Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station of Virginia Tech. The museum has free admission and covers 5 acre of the initial 532 acre farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm originally covered 532 acres, with buildings centered on a total of 5 acres. On the farm eight of the nine original buildings are still standing. Many have been renovated since the farm was created in 1822 by Robert McCormick (1780–1846).</p><br>
<p>The eight existing buildings include a grist mill, blacksmith shop, slave quarters, carriage house, manor house, smoke house, schoolroom, and housekeeper&#39;s quarters. The original outbuildings of the farm included an ice house, which was demolished in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Each of these buildings played a specific role in the daily routine of the Cyrus McCormick farm. The grist mill, built prior to 1800, was used to grind wheat for flour. The blacksmith shop was used to build and repair all the farm implements needed by the McCormick family and was where Cyrus McCormick engineered his reaper. Slave quarters served as the homes for the forty-one slaves that the McCormick family owned. The carriage house was used as shelter for the carriages and other wheeled vehicles.</p><br>
<p>The manor house, the first building on the farm, is centrally located and was constructed of brick in 1822. Behind the brick manor house was the smoke house, where meat was dried and smoked to preserve it through the winter. Refrigeration was not introduced until the late 19th century. The McCormick family also maintained a school on their property for neighboring children.</p><br>
<p>The McCormick Farm at Walnut Grove is known as the birthplace of the mechanical reaper, the predecessor to the combine harvester. Cyrus McCormick reportedly designed, built, and tested his reaper all within six weeks at Walnut Grove, although the design may have been an improvement upon the similar device developed by his father and his brother Leander over a period of 20 years.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after constructing his first reaper, Cyrus harvested his first crop with it later that year. After building his first reaper, Cyrus repeatedly went back to the drawing board to revise and improve his basic design. He created new models almost every decade.</p><br>
<p>After his father&#39;s death, Cyrus McCormick moved his base of operations from Rockbridge County, Virginia to Chicago, Illinois in 1847 because of the vast acreage of fertile prairie soil in the midwestern United States. In 1859, Cyrus was joined by his brothers Leander James McCormick and William Sanderson McCormick to form the company Cyrus H. McCormick and Brothers.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 19th century, McCormicks company had built a primitive combine, which could harvest grain even faster and cheaper than older reapers. Prior to the invention of the reaper, farmers could harvest only 0.5 acre a day; using this machine, farmers could harvest 12 acre a day, with less manual labor. The mechanical reaper did not require a family to toil all day to harvest crops. Instead, a single farmer could operate the machine and the reaper would do the rest of the work. McCormicks work in mechanical reapers and harvesting techniques enabled family farmers to cultivate plots of land much larger than thought possible for single farmers.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the company was merged with competitor Deering Harvester Company and (smaller ones) to form International Harvester.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The farm remained in the McCormick family up to 1954. It was donated to Virginia Polytechnic Institute as an agricultural center and Farm Memorial. The schoolroom is stocked with vintage textbooks, toys, and other school supplies dating from the 1830s.</p><br>
<p>The property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The farm is less than 5 mi from the interchange of Raphine Road and Interstate 81, halfway between Lexington, Virginia and Staunton, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Green, also known as Castle Green, was a hotel in Pasadena, California. It was built in 1893 by George Gill Green, and later expanded by him with two additional buildings in 1898 and 1903, creating a complex of three structures. The Hotel Green was the home of the Valley Hunt Club and the Tournament of Roses association.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Green, designed by Los Angeles-based architect Frederick Roehrig in 1893, was the first of the three buildings. The second building in the complex was originally known as the "Central Annex" and became known as "Castle Green," while the third building is known as the "North Annex." The entire block of annexes is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Pasadena Historic Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on a hotel was initiated in 1887 by developer Edward C. Webster, between Raymond Avenue and the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. Websters later insolvency led to George Gill Green acquiring the unfinished building. During its time, the Hotel Green became a "social and cultural center for Pasadena," where it hosted society events such as receptions for significant visitors, and painting exhibitions. Due to the hotels success, Green began building an addition in 1897, and the "Central Annex" opened on January 16, 1899, to coincide with Green&#39;s birthday, and 1,000 guests came to celebrate the occasion. The new building, to become known as "Castle Green," was on a full city block but was "set back from the streets, which provided ample space for a garden."</p><br>
<p>The hotel continued to grow in popularity with the new Central Annex. Its pedestrian bridge to the main hotel over Raymond Avenue became a popular viewing site for the Rose Parade, which ran along Raymond at the time. In 1903 Green added a third building. It incorporated an earlier building constructed in 1887, the Wooster Block, which had been part of the original site of the California Institute of Technology.</p><br>
<p>The original 1893 Hotel Green building was demolished in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>Puppet Master - the Green Hotel was filmed to double as the "Bodega Bay Inn"</p><br>
<p>Rumor Has It</p><br>
<p>The Little Rascals</p><br>
<p>The Sting</p><br>
<p>Jockey Hollow is the name of an area in southern Morris County, New Jersey, which was farmed in the 18th century by the Wick, Guerin, and Kemble families.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the name is still uncertain, but it was a farming property during the American Revolution. For most of the American Revolutionary War, it was used by portions of Continental Army as a winter camp site, and it housed the main Continental Army during the "Hard Winter" of 1779–80, believed to be the harshest winter in recorded history.</p><br>
<p>It is located in Harding Township and Mendham Township, in Morris County.</p><br>
<p>Since 1933, the Wick House has been part of Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown, New Jersey. Morristown National Historical Park is administered by the National Park Service, USA Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>American Revolutionary War</h2><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War, Henry Wick possessed the largest portion of this area—his farm comprised 1400 acres of timber and open field. The Wick farm and his neighbors&#39; property were considered the ideal location for a winter camp due to the distance from British forces in New York and the amount of timber needed for shelter and firewood for a large army, and the availability of houses for officers, mainly generals and their staff, to quarter.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1779–1780, approximately 600 acres of timber in Wick land and about 2000 acres total in Jockey Hollow were cut down by the soldiers to be used for the construction of huts and as firewood.</p><br>
<h2>The Wick House</h2><br>
<p>In the spring of 1777, the Wick family hosted Captain Joseph Bloomfield.</p><br>
<p>During the Winter of 1779–1780, the Wicks housed General Arthur St. Clair, who was then commander of the Pennsylvania Line, and several of his aides.</p><br>
<p>The house is now restored and is one of the historic structures maintained and open for viewing at the Morristown National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>Wick Kitchen Garden</h2><br>
<p>A kitchen garden next to the Wick House is maintained by the Northern New Jersey unit of Herb Society of America.</p><br>
<h2>The "Hard Winter" at Jockey Hollow</h2><br>
<p>During the Winter of 1779–1780, the Wicks housed General Arthur St. Clair, who was then commander of the Pennsylvania Line, and several of his aides.</p><br>
<p>In December 1779, over 10.000 Continental Army troops encamped for the winter at Jockey Hollow. Soldiers camped at this location until June 1780, during which time they endured some of the harshest conditions of the war. Due to the bad conditions of the dirt roads in the winter and spring, dependence on horsepower, distance from the enemy in New York plus the natural walls of protection provided by the present-day Watchung Mountains, this was a secure area to camp the army.</p><br>
<p>The Winter at Jockey Hollow was the worst winter of the war, even worse than the Winter at Valley Forge two years before. Twelve men often shared one of over one thousand simple huts built in Jockey Hollow to house the Army. Amazingly, despite the difficult conditions and lack of food, fewer than 100 soldiers died and only one out of ten deserted.</p><br>
<h2>Soldier housing</h2><br>
<p>Soldiers had to build their own huts including surrounding trenches for drainage. The huts, made of log, were 14 by and 6.5 ft high. Twelve men often shared one of over one thousand simple huts built in Jockey Hollow to house the army.</p><br>
<p>There are four replica huts on Sugar Loaf hill built in 1964.</p><br>
<p>There is a 1932 marker to the "Jockey Hollow Hospital" just across the road from those replica huts—subsequent archeology done after Morristown National Historical Park was established found no evidence of graves there.</p><br>
<h2>Pennsylvania Line mutiny of 1781</h2><br>
<p>On December 21, 1780, Henry Wick died at Jockey Hollow. On the evening of January 1781, the Pennsylvania Line, then encamped in Jockey Hollow under the command of General Anthony Wayne mutinied. They supposedly intended to march to Philadelphia to complain to the state legislature. Many soldiers believed their enlistments in the army had expired with the new year, but the army claimed that their enlistment terms "two years or during the war" meant the end of the war was their true duration. The mutineers reached Princeton, New Jersey, where Pennsylvania&#39;s chief executive Joseph Reed and representatives of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania negotiated with them. The mutiny ended peacefully—some of the soldiers agreed to stay in the army. The event is believed to be the largest mutiny in the course of the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The most famous account of this mutiny is Carl Van Doren&#39;s book, Mutiny in January, published in 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Jockey Hollow Visitor Center</p><br>
<p>Wick House: Park employee in period dress.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Biking (road only)</p><br>
<p>Bird Watching</p><br>
<p>Hiking</p><br>
<p>Interpretive Programs</p><br>
<p>Snow Skiing</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s Junior Ranger Program</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour in Faribault is the oldest cathedral in Minnesota. Built 1862–1869, it was the first church in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America designed as a cathedral. The architect was James Renwick Jr., who also designed St. Patricks Cathedral in New York, the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C., and a very similar church, the Christ Church by the Sea in Colón, Panama. On August 10, 1979, the cathedral and its guild house were added to the National Register of Historic Places. On February 19, 1982, there was a boundary increase to add the bishops residence to the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Our Merciful Saviour was founded by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple, who is buried beneath the altar. In 1941 St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Cathedral in Minneapolis was dedicated as the seat of the bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, but the Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour retains its status as a full cathedral as well.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listings</h2><br>
<h3>Original</h3><br>
<p>Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour **</p><br>
<p>(added 1979 - Building - #79001253)</p><br>
<p>Also known as See Also: Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House</p><br>
<p>515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Renwick & Co.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1850-1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h3>Boundary increase</h3><br>
<p>Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House (Boundary Increase) **</p><br>
<p>(added 1982 - Building - #82003009)</p><br>
<p>Also known as See Also:Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour</p><br>
<p>515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Person, Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Unknown</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Late Victorian</p><br>
<p>Historic Person: Whipple, Bishop Henry Benjamin</p><br>
<p>Significant Year: 1894</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Church Related Residence</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Church Related Residence</p><br>
<p>Eastcliff is a 20-room house overlooking the Mississippi River in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, which serves as the official residence of the president of the University of Minnesota system. It was first built in 1922 by local lumber magnate Edward Brooks Sr. and donated to the university by the Brooks family in 1958, beginning its service as the president&#39;s official residence in 1960 when O. Meredith Wilson took the position. In 2000, the home was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Today, it is the most-visited public residence in the state (outpacing the Minnesota Governor&#39;s Residence), often hosting events five days a week. Eastcliff hosts 150+ events and 8,000 guests each year.</p><br>
<p>In December 2022, a task force convened by the University of Minnesota Board of Regents recommended selling the property, noting that the property requires $300,000 to $400,000 per year in operating costs, and could require over $1 million in repairs over the next decade.</p><br>
<h2>Presidents</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of university presidents who have resided at Eastcliff:</p><br>
<p>O. Meredith Wilson</p><br>
<p>Malcolm Moos</p><br>
<p>C. Peter Magrath</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Keller</p><br>
<p>Nils Hasselmo</p><br>
<p>Mark Yudof</p><br>
<p>Robert H. Bruininks</p><br>
<p>Eric W. Kaler</p><br>
<p>Joan T.A. Gabel</p><br>
<p>Before Eastcliff became the president&#39;s residence, Pillsbury House, built in 1877, was the official residence.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed in the Georgian colonial style by Clarence H. Johnston Sr., a close friend of Brooks and an architect who had designed many buildings at the university to fit a master plan by Cass Gilbert. Numerous renovations took place over the years, though repair efforts did not keep pace with wear and tear. In 1988, extensive repairs began on the house, but unforeseen problems caused costs to double. The ensuing outcry contributed to the exit of president Kenneth Keller from office.</p><br>
<p>The main house is 10,000 square feet, with the entire property encompassing 20,000 square feet including the carriage house and summer house. The property is 1.6 acres.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, $550,000 in renovations were planned after the departure of President Bruininks. The renovations were approved by the Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office and the Brooks family, who owned the property.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, $1 million in renovations were planned after the departure of President Eric Kaler.</p><br>
<h2>Governor&#39;s residence</h2><br>
<p>On July 10, 2023, Governor Tim Walzs family moved into Eastcliff while the Minnesota Governors Residence undergoes renovations. The mansion was unoccupied at the time after President Gabel&#39;s resignation. The Walz family is expected to stay at Eastcliff for 18 months. The state of Minnesota is paying $4,400 in monthly rent, and is also responsible for "direct costs such as utilities, snow removal and lawn care."</p><br>
<p>The Uline Arena, later renamed the Washington Coliseum, was an indoor arena in Washington, D.C. located at 1132, 1140, and 1146 3rd Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C. It was the site of one of President Dwight D. Eisenhower&#39;s inaugural balls in 1953, the first concert by The Beatles in the United States in 1964, and several other memorable moments in sports, show business, politics and in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. It had a capacity of over 8,000 people and was a major event space in Washington until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The arena was home to the Washington Capitols of the Basketball Association of America (1946–1949) and National Basketball Association (1949–1950), who were once coached by Red Auerbach. Later, the American Basketball Association&#39;s Washington Caps played there in 1969–1970.</p><br>
<p>Once abandoned and used as a parking facility, today it has been renovated and houses offices and REI&#39;s D.C. flagship store.</p><br>
<p>It is directly adjacent to the railroad tracks heading into Union Station and bounded by L and M Street NE. It is located across from the Metrorail NoMa–Gallaudet U station southern entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1938, the idea of building an arena in the area was under consideration. Michael (or Migiel or Miguel) J. Uline, president of Capitol Garden Corp., was considering it June of that year but was waiting on a decision by the local government on whether or not they were going to build an arena of their own at the intersection of 4th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW. Michael Uline held 68 patents and was a successful businessman originally from the Netherlands. His parents decided to leave their home in the province of North Brabant due to numerous floodings in the area of the Maas river and the Uline family emigrated to the United States in 1890, when Michiel was 16 years old. His first business interests in the US revolved around the production and distribution of ice, and the site in Washington, in 1931, just south of the later Arena, was dedicated to ice manufacturing, storage, and sales.</p><br>
<p>By early 1940, the arena was under construction. It was however already being criticized. On March 14, 1940, Coach Bill Reinhart of the George Washington University basketball team was critical of the design: there were too many seats behind the backboards and not enough on the sidelines. On March 20, the architect, Joe Harry Lapish, responded to the criticism by stating that the arena would be able to house between 6,500 and 7,000 basketball spectators including 4,500 to 5,000 highly desirable seats on the sidelines.</p><br>
<p>On December 28, 1940, while the arena was nearing completion, Michael Uline announced that it would open on January 28, 1941, and would present a 15-performance engagement of "Ice-Capades of 1941" in 13 days which would end on February 9. More details of the interior where also shared. The heated arena would feature arm-rest seats, each with a complete and unhindered view of the ice by post supports and beams. The ice surface would be 225 ft by 120 ft and be the biggest in the country. It would be frozen using the Vedder system connected to the plant located next door which would provide the brine by-pass. Raoul Le Mat was General Manager. The following day, further details of the 1941 program was announced. A rodeo was planned and other activities were in the works: roller follies, a defense exposition, possibly a Cherry Blossom Festival, professional, collegiate and amateur hockey, boxing and college basketball were also considered. On January 9, 1941, the owner announced that the arena had been awarded the Indoor Speed Skating Championship by the National Amateur Ice Skating Union to take place on February 22 and 23, 1941. All the speed skating stars from the country would be present for the event including Leo Freisinger. It was also announced that Eddie Bean, a well-known local golfer, would become the new Ticket Sale Director for the Uline Arena. He had previously handled the ticket sales of the Washington Baseball Club and of the Redskins for a decade.</p><br>
<p>On January 22, it was announced that the third boxing performance between Joey Archibald and Harry Jeffra would take place on February 18, 1941. The following day, it was announced by the Evening Star that Mr. Uline had purchased an American Hockey League team to be known as the Washington Ulines. It was to be in fact the Washington Lions. It would become a step up over the other Washington hockey team, the Washington Eagles in the Eastern Hockey League. Mr. Uline had considered getting a National Hockey League team but due to the maintenance cost had decided to go with the American Hockey League instead.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the Uline rink opened on January 28, 1941, with the Ice-Capades. The show took place in front of 3,000 people. The space in what was described as a "concrete cavern" was well received by the public. However, it seems that the ice was faulty that was to be remediated by the following night: the "blades cut the brittle surface like snowball scrapers and precipitated several unscheduled spills".</p><br>
<p>On February 10, 1941, Sonja Henie&#39;s Hollywood Ice Revue went on the ice in the Uline Arena.</p><br>
<p>The first Hockey game to take place in the arena was between Georgetown University Hoyas and Temple University Owls on February 15, 1941. The first boxing match was on March 6, 1941, between Billy Conn and Daniel Hassett in preparation for the match between Billy Conn and Joe Louis.</p><br>
<p>Soon after it opened, the Uline Arena offered public skating every day: weekdays and Sundays from 2 pm to 4:30 pm and 8:30 pm to 11 pm. It also offered Saturday morning sessions from 10:00am to 12:30 pm. Admission was 35 cents for adults in the afternoon and 55 cents in the evening. Children&#39;s admission was 25 cents in the afternoon and 35 cents in the evening.</p><br>
<p>On November 3, 1941, just a few weeks before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into the war on December 7, 1941, the Pageant of American Freedom took place at the Uline Arena. It was a variety show by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur with a 200 chorus of 90 voices and an Orchestra. All proceeds went to the D.C. Defense Council and the ad featured Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy waving a flag, playing the drums and the flute. It appears that a version of the song It&#39;s Fun to Be Free was sung in this performance.</p><br>
<p>On January 30, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt celebrated his 60th birthday. It was a nationwide celebration. In the city, a banquet, six dances and special midnight shows at three theaters took place. Dances took place at the Hamilton, Mayflower, Shoreham and Wardman Park Hotels as well as the Uline Arena and the Lincoln Colonnade from 9 pm to 1 am. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was present at the Arena to cut a 650-pound birthday cake. Johnny Longs Orchestra played and Lucy Monroe sang "The Star-Spangled Banner". Several Hollywood Stars were also present including Rosalind Russell, Carol Bruce, Dorothy Lamour, Dinah Shore, Gene Raymond, and Pat OBrien.</p><br>
<h3>Basketball and hockey</h3><br>
<p>After World War II ended in 1945, the arena continued to be used as an ice hockey and basketball venue. The Washington Capitols began play as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America in 1946 and became a charter member of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949; during its five seasons of play, the team used Uline Arena as its home court. Earl Lloyd, the first African American athlete to play for an NBA team, played for the Capitols at Uline Arena on October 31, 1950. The team folded during the 1950–1951 season.</p><br>
<p>During the 1946–1947, 1949–1950, and 1950–1951 seasons, the Georgetown University Hoyas mens basketball team played home games at Uline Arena. From 1941 to 1960, the George Washington University Colonials mens basketball team played their home games in the arena as well.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the American Basketball Association&#39;s defending championship team, the Oakland Oaks, moved to Washington and played as the Washington Caps during the 1969–1970 season. The Oaks, owned by entertainer Pat Boone, had captured the ABA Championship in the 1968–69 season, and Boone sold the team to Earl Foreman due to poor attendance in Oakland. Foreman relocated the franchise to Washington. Hall of Famers Rick Barry and Larry Brown played for the Caps, with Brown leading the league in assists and Barry averaging 27 points per game. The team finished 44–40 and was eliminated by the Denver Rockets in the playoffs. Plagued by poor attendance, the franchise relocated again and became the Virginia Squires following their one season in the Washington.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Lions of the American Hockey League and Eastern Hockey League (1941–1942 and 1944–1949) and the Washington Presidents of the Eastern Hockey League (1957–1960) played at Washington Coliseum.</p><br>
<p>The arena remained segregated after its opening until January 1948.</p><br>
<h3>Inauguration ball, new owner and civil rights</h3><br>
<p>On December 10, 1952, Miguel J. Uline, who was 78 years old, divorced his first wife whom he had married in 1895. This divorce procedure was complicated because Uline had received an invalid Mexican divorce in 1950 and married a former beauty shop operator, Mrs Elva Houseman, the same day. Mr. Uline and his first wife, Mrs. Carolyn Eierman Uline, had not lived together since 1930. It appears that she had reached out to her husband once a year around Christmas in an effort to get back together but that in recent years, she had simply stopped as he "was living with another woman". They had two children together.</p><br>
<p>On January 20, 1953, one of President Dwight D. Eisenhower′s two inaugural balls was held at Uline Arena. Mamie Eisenhower wore a pink peau de soie gown embroidered with more than 2,000 rhinestones designed by Nettie Rosenstein. She also wore gloves matching the gown and rhinestone-and-perl earrings, necklace and bracelet by Trifaro. Her purse was beaded by Judith Leiber (an employee of Nettie Rosenstein at the time). Her shoes were made by Delman with her name printed on the left instep. The gown, shoes and purse were later gifted to the National Museum of American History by Mrs. Eisenhower.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 1956, retired boxer Joe Louis made his debut as a professional wrestler at Uline Arena, defeating Cowboy Rocky Lee. Earlier that year on January 27, 1956, he had been the referee in the Uline Arena of a wrestling match between "Nature Boy" Rogers and Cowboy Rocky Lee.</p><br>
<p>On February 22, 1958, Michael Uline died at the age of 83. On March 28, 1958, his will was admitted to probate in the District Court. The validity of the will was under attack by his second wife, Mrs. Elva Houseman Uline. Requesting the courts sanction of the disputed documents were Ulines daughter Myrtle U. Pratt and Elizaberth R. Stine, executive Vice President of the M.J. Uline Company Inc. The will was one of three on file with the court. This will was drawn on October 15, 1957, and amended two months later. A 1955 will assigned the widow a trusteeship in the company. This provision was not in the latest will.</p><br>
<p>On May 31, 1959, Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, gave a speech in the arena to close to 10,000 members who had flown in from 70 cities and 23 states. He had arrived secretly in Washington and disproved that he was on the run from the FBI. He was escorted from the airport to the Roosevelt Hotel with a ten-motorcycle motorcade from the Metropolitan Police. He was later escorted by the same police force to the arena. A full weapon search was conducted. He called for "the American Negro to defend himself from grievous and unprovoked attacks by the white man". He also spoke against integration and for justice. After returning to the hotel under police escort, he sat down for a filmed interview with WNTA of New York. The interview was not broadcast immediately but according to a spokesman, "the pending destruction of the white man will occur before 1970."</p><br>
<p>Harry G. Lynn, former vice-president of Fairfax Distributing Co., national buyer of the Kay Jewelry chain was a native of Kansas City. He bought the arena on December 17, 1959, for $1 million. He had no experience in the ice business or in sports promotion but loved Washington, D.C. and wanted to stay there. He had struggled in making the arena financially viable. The basketball Caps cost him $250,000 in 1952 and he had lost $100,000 on ice hockey. Elizabeth R. Stine was his original secretary and remained on board as vice president. Ulines daughters and widows had managed the arena after his death but this was seen as the settlement of his estate after the wills authenticity was contested the previous year. The ice plant was considered the largest in the country at the time. Lynn had made the decision to dedicate himself fully to the arena and to learn all he could about the industry. One major obstacle was the question of parking. While there were streetcars, the systems were slowly being dismantled in the late 1950s and early 1960s and there would not be a metro stop there until 2004.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Lynn renamed the building the Washington Coliseum.</p><br>
<p>On June 4, 1961, 8,000 members of the Nation of Islam gathered again in the arena. Elijah Muhammad failed to appear at this event. Malcolm X, then one of his lieutenants, spoke instead. He said that the black community had been "brainwashed". Seven years after the US Supreme Court had made segregation in schools illegal with the landmark decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954, less than 6% were compliant. He called for "separation, not integration or segregation." There were also two female speakers who took the stage: Sister Christine, head of the University of Islam in Chicago and Sister Sherriff, Elijah Muhammad&#39;s daughter. Also present were George Lincoln Rockwell and 20 members of the American Nazi Party.</p><br>
<h3>The Beatles concert</h3><br>
<p>On February 11, 1964, the Beatles played their first concert in the United States at the Washington Coliseum, less than 48 hours after the band&#39;s appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. According to John B. Lynn, Harry Lynn got a call asking him if he was interested in having the Beatles at the Coliseum. He had never heard of them but said yes. Though Harry usually did not meet his acts, he did meet the Beatles. He had been stationed in Liverpool and may have felt a connection there. He was not expecting such a crowd, especially with the snow. He had run only one ad in the Washington Post and the concert had sold out in days.</p><br>
<p>A major snowstorm had fallen on the east coast of the United States. All flights had been canceled so the Beatles arrived in Washington, D.C. through Union Station via the Congressman, the Pennsylvania Railroad express train. There were eight inches of snow on the ground all over the city but attendance was still strong.</p><br>
<p>Tickets to the show at the Coliseum ranged from $2 to $4. There were 8,092 fans at the concert, which was to be opened by The Chiffons, and Tommy Roe. However, because of the snow, The Chiffons were unable to make it and were replaced by Jay and the Americans. In 2014, Roe reflected on the event:</p><br>
<p>The Beatles took the stage at 8:31 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The following songs were played in this order:</p><br>
<p>Roll Over Beethoven</p><br>
<p>From Me To You</p><br>
<p>I Saw Her Standing There</p><br>
<p>This Boy</p><br>
<p>All My Loving</p><br>
<p>I Wanna Be Your Man</p><br>
<p>Please Please Me</p><br>
<p>Till There Was You</p><br>
<p>She Loves You</p><br>
<p>I Want To Hold Your Hand</p><br>
<p>Twist and Shout</p><br>
<p>Long Tall Sally</p><br>
<p>The commentary by Leroy Aarons, The Washington Post national correspondent reviewing the concert, surprised many people in the DC area who had not realized how large a following the band had garnered during its first visit to the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, he reviewed his comment:</p><br>
<p>The concert was videotaped by CBS. It was then transferred to kinescope. On March 14 and 15, 1964, it was shown in 100 movie theaters and in the Uline Arena. The video of the concert not only contains the Beatles show but was also fleshed out with content from other separate performances from The Beach Boys and Lesley Gore. Three of the songs played at the venue are featured in The Beatles: The First USA Visit DVD: I Wanna Be Your Man, She Loves You and I Saw Her Standing There. The Anthology 3 contains She Loves You and I Saw Her Standing There as well as Please Please Me. A bootleg copy of the full concert appears to have been available in fall 2003 but it was immediately removed from the market after Apple Records lawyers objected.</p><br>
<p>The concert film is now available in its entirety exclusively from the iTunes Store as part of The Beatles Box Set on the Past Masters, Vols. 1&2 disc.</p><br>
<h3>Bob Dylan&#39;s Greatest Hits cover</h3><br>
<p>Bob Dylan performed at the Washington Coliseum, The artist&#39;s website does not have a set list for that date.</p><br>
<p>Life magazine photographer Rowland Scherman and his wife Joan lived nearby and attended the concert. Although he was not on duty at the time, he brought his camera and used his press pass to gain access to the backstage area to take a few photos. In Encounters With Bob Dylan, Scherman remembers the moment:</p><br>
<p>Scherman got in touch with Columbia Records art director John Berg, who was dating his sister at the time. Berg bought the shot for $300 and, along with Bob Cato, used the photo for the album cover. It won the 10th Annual Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Photography, in 1967. The photographer&#39;s name was misspelled on the award statuette and remains misspelled on the Grammy Awards website.</p><br>
<h3>The Temptations riots</h3><br>
<p>On Sunday October 29, 1967, The Temptations were scheduled to play. A group of fans attempted to get in the Coliseum at 6:30 pm, an hour and a half before the scheduled start of the show. Some of these youth backed a security guard named Robert E. Atkins, 23, of the Suburban Protective Agency in a corner. Fearing for his life, he drew his pistol and fired two shots in the air. The group dispersed. The Agency was supposed to send 50 officers but only sent 18. The shortage of security staff made it difficult for the crowd to be controlled during the show. The Temptations took the stage around 10:30 pm in front of a crowd of 7,000 and dozens of fans rushed on the stage to take pictures with pushing and shoving.</p><br>
<p>Suddenly a loud noise was heard. It remains unclear what it was but it startled the fans who rushed for the exits in a stampede. 14 Metropolitan police officers were stationed outside the Coliseum and attempted to separate the fans in small groups. A small group of 200 youths became disorderly and were throwing rocks and bottles at the police officers. Reinforcement was called in and a riot erupted. Groups of fans were seen running in the neighborhood streets. Thirty-three windows were broken in nine stores along with four car windows and one of the Coliseum&#39;s. There was also minor looting. Two adults and four juveniles were arrested on disorderly conduct charges. A young man was stabbed in the melee though his wounds were not critical. Two women were treated at DC General Hospital after being trampled and two police officers also suffered minor wounds.</p><br>
<h3>Detention center</h3><br>
<p>From May 3 to 5, 1971, the building was used as a makeshift detention and processing center. On Monday, May 3, between 1,000 and 1,200 people, arrested during the 1971 May Day Protests against the Vietnam War, were guarded by 150 police officers and other guards. They sat in the seats under the red, white and blue pennants hanging from the ceiling and the large Pepsi Cola clock and scoreboard. They slept on the floor or on jackets. The National Guard and police gave them food (bologna or tuna sandwiches) but not anything warm. The temperature dropped to 50 &deg;F and the prisoners were not given blankets. They were processed with arrest forms, fingerprinting and mug shots. Many of the prisoners were arrested without record of where and when they had committed offenses, and Harold H. Greene, the Chief Judge of the DC Superior Court, ordered the city to show cause in court or release them.</p><br>
<p>On May 4, there were still 600 prisoners in the Coliseum. They joined arms and chanted "One, two, three, four, we dont want your war!" with POW written on their foreheads. They also stood in the same pose to sing the Star Spangled Banner, stopping at the line "for the land of the free" to laugh and cheer. They also sang "We all live in a concentration camp" to the tune of the Beatles song "Yellow Submarine". An additional 500 prisoners were brought in and were cheered. Later that day, 20 young men and women took off their clothes and started dancing nude on the floor, as hundreds watched in a circle. When the guards started looking, the prisoners yelled: "Let the troops see!". The dance stopped after Rev. Joe Gibson grabbed a microphone and warned the crowd: "Youre defeating your case." The protesters got dressed.</p><br>
<p>The detention center was visited by DC Delegate Walter Fauntroy and several congressmen including William F. Ryan (D-NY) and Robert Drinan (D-Massachusetts). Fauntroy came with a delegation from the Washington black community, who arrived in 12 cars.</p><br>
<p>Finally, the ruling from Judge Greene stated that prisoners could leave the arena only if they were photographed and fingerprinted but that these records could not be sent to the FBI or be part of the police record. This judgement was stayed until the next morning. Some prisoners did leave and the last 600 prisoners arrested on May 3 left the Coliseum three days later on Wednesday May 5 at 3 pm.</p><br>
<h3>Tear gas, riots and fire safety concerns</h3><br>
<p>On October 15, 1973, a rock concert took place featuring Rare Earth, Funkadelic and Ohio Players. The 5,331 permanent seats were filled and additional open space was sold to allow customers to stand or sit. In total 5,700 patrons were in the building. According to witnesses, a youth ran inside from the emergency door and threw a gas canister onto the main floor. As patrons tried to evacuate, it appeared that some of the emergency exit doors were locked, and several glass windows had to be broken to escape the fumes. This was denied by the operators of the Coliseum. They did admit that "the five sets of doors were locked at one time" earlier in the evening but said that they had been reopened once the police had cleared the lobby of would-be gate crashers.</p><br>
<p>Since the Coliseum was built prior to March 8, 1946, it was not required to have panic bars installed per the city&#39;s Egress Law. A "retroactive clause" was originally in the law but was removed in 1948 due to the high cost to retrofit such equipment. The law was passed by Congress following the Coconut Grove night club fire that killed 491 people on November 28, 1942. For the Washington Coliseum, because the Fire Inspector had not witnessed the locked doors during the concert, no court action could be taken by the Fire Department, but a warning would be issued.</p><br>
<p>The Metropolitan Police exploded tear gas outside and sprayed chemical Mace on the crowd outside. The police were onsite before the incident, as the manager had notified the Special Operations Division of the Metropolitan Police because police officers were used for traffic and crowd control outside the building. The operators said the doors were broken from the outside by bricks picked up from houses across the street. By the end of the evening, 40 people including 11 police officers had been injured and 56 people were arrested. Three police scooters and a police motorcycle were set on fire by the crowd outside.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>The building fell into obscurity after the opening of the Capital Centre in suburban Landover, Maryland, in 1973. In 1970, Harry Lynn had proactively sold the Coliseum knowing he could not compete with the bigger and better venue being built by his friend Abe Pollin. Ice Capades, circus, and wrestling events moved out. The Near Northeast and H Street neighborhood had suffered dramatically from the 1968 riots following Martin Luther King Jr.&#39;s assassination. The arena could only rely on soul concerts, roller derbies and later rock concerts that could cause problems. Subsequently, the arena was closed in 1985, and the building fell into disrepair with shattered windows and peeling paint.</p><br>
<p>It was leased by the Takoma Park Christian Faith Center with an option to purchase the property. A $17.5 million renovation project was planned to convert the space into a center for Christian services, crusades and education. It was a welcomed project after neighbors suffered through go-go concerts in 1983 and 1984 that led to clashes between youths and the police, transforming the residential area into a war zone on concert nights. The building was taken over on January 1, 1987, and a $6.5 million renovation began, including creation of an indoor prayer garden, a Christian bookstore and an administration building. The congregation of 700 met for worship in a small room. The leader of the congregation, Alvin Jones, was a broadcast consultant turned pastor. He and his wife also had a radio and TV show called "Successful Living", which was broadcast in Washington and Dallas. Funds came from congregation donations and from the broadcast. The lease was good until 1991 to exercise the purchase option. This grand project never really materialized.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, Waste Management purchased the building and used it as a trash transfer station. Blake Van Leer II, hired to build and design the facility, created a design to preserve its history. Van Leer is the grandson of well known engineer Blake R. Van Leer. The trash transfer station operated until 2003.</p><br>
<p>Waste Management applied for a demolition permit on May 9, 2003, and the D.C. Preservation League responded June 11 by listing the building in its "Most Endangered Places for 2003". Waste Management sold the building to Douglas Development in 2004.</p><br>
<p>In order to protect the building from efforts to raze it, it was added to the official protection list of the D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board in November 2006. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Formerly a popular spot for graffiti, the arena also was used as an indoor parking lot, with the adjacent ice house sitting vacant. Billboards also were mounted on the building. In 2009, the Coliseum was owned by Douglas Jemal under the name Jemal&#39;s Uline LLC.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The arena still stands today. The external shell survived the transformation of the neighborhood. After several decades of a slow death, the building experienced a rebirth in the now hip NoMa neighborhood, within walking distance from the NoMa–Gallaudet U station, which opened in 2004. New apartment buildings were constructed across the tracks. The old Washington Coliseum became known as the Uline building.</p><br>
<p>On February 11, 2014, a Beatles tribute band played in the Coliseum on the 50th anniversary of the historic Beatles concert. The timing was the same with the artists going on stage at exactly 8:31 p.m. as in 1964, and the song lineup was the same, but the Coliseum was only a shadow of what it once was. The place could only house half of what it could in 1964, and tickets were $100 a seat.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, outdoor retailer REI announced that it would develop the property into its fifth flagship store and first store in Washington, D.C. In addition to the 51,000 sqfoot REI store, plans called for the fully redeveloped site to house 146,200 ft&sup2; of office space and an additional 17,000 ft&sup2; of retail space for other users. The REI store opened on October 21, 2016, with a marching band and other festivities, as the largest REI store on the United States East Coast. In April 2017, Spaces, a brand based in Luxembourg, became the second tenant, taking over 34,000 ft&sup2; of office space. Spaces Co-working is a subsidiary of Regus, which is owned by International Workplace Group.</p><br>
<p>On September 17, 2018, Antunovich Associates, the architecture firm that worked with Douglas Development in restoring the arena, opened their DC office on the ground level of Uline Arena. The new office fronts directly onto Third Street Northeast, adjacent to the main building lobby.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House is a single-family house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built for Stanley and Mildred Rosenbaum in Florence, Alabama. A noted example of his Usonian house concept, it is the only Wright building in Alabama, and is one of only 26 pre-World War II Usonian houses. Wright scholar John Sergeant called it "the purest example of the Usonian."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1938 Stanley Rosenbaum (a professor at Florence State Teachers College, now the University of North Alabama) and his new wife Mildred were given a building lot in Florence, Alabama and funds to build a house on it by Rosenbaums parents. Both newlyweds had read Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s autobiography and a cover story on Wright in Time magazine. They commissioned Wright to design and build the house; it is the only Wright house in Alabama.</p><br>
<p>This is an example of Wrights "Usonian"-style homes, which he intended as low-cost housing for middle-class American families. But the first phase of the house ultimately cost $14,000, nearly double the wealthy couples original $7,999 budget. The flat roof leaked almost immediately, the heating system failed, and the Rosenbaum family seldom used the custom furniture built on-site for the home.</p><br>
<p>After the Rosenbaums took up residence in September 1940, the first photographs of the house were exhibited the following month at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City the following month. This house was also the childhood home of notable American film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It remained in the Rosenbaum family until 1999 (when Mildred Rosenbaum moved into a nursing home). This was a longer period under the original owners control than that for any of Wrights other Usonian homes. By this time the house was in poor repair, with extensive water penetration and termite damage.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum family donated the house to the City of Florence and at the same time sold the furniture and contents of the house to the city for $75,000. The city spent a further $600,000 on repairs, using original plans sent by the archives of the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation at Taliesin West. The Wright Archive is known as the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives, held at the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library of Columbia University in New York City.</p><br>
<p>Following the restoration, the city opened the house in 2002 as a public museum, the Frank Lloyd Wright Rosenbaum House. The museum displays some of the original Wright-designed furniture. The restoration won the 2004 Wright Spirit Award in the Public Domain from the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. Mildred Rosenbaum was the first recipient of the Wright Spirit Award for her tireless efforts for preservation and interpretation through the Frank Lloyd Wright Rosenbaum House Foundation. In her last five years in residence, which ended in 1998, nearly 5,000 visitors received personal tours conducted by Mrs. Rosenbaum, who died in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House was the first of dozens of Wright&#39;s Usonian houses based on the 1936 Usonian prototype Jacobs House in Madison, Wisconsin. The house was built on a 2 acre plot at 117 Riverview Drive (now 601 Riverview, after renumbering), on the north bank of the Tennessee River. Built in an L-shape, the house is made from natural materials, largely cypress wood and brick, and features multilevel low-rising steel-cantilevered roofs covering both the living spaces and an adjoining carport. A distinctive feature of the house is its glass; USA Today described it as "blurring the distinction between indoors and outdoors."</p><br>
<p>The original Usonian floorplan provided 1,540 square feet (143 m) of living space, but when the Rosenbaums had their fourth child they asked Wright to design an extension to the now cramped house. His modifications, completed in 1948, added a further 1,084 square feet (100 m) in a second L-shape.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places individually, and also as a contributing building in the McFarland Heights historic district.</p><br>
<h3>Photographs of the Rosenbaum House by Carol M. Highsmith</h3><br>
<p>These photographs are from the George F. Landegger Collection of Alabama Photographs in Carol M. Highsmith&#39;s America, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640747.tifalt=Northern exposure, view from Grove Street.Northern exposure, view from Grove Street.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640740.tifalt=Eastern exposure, showing the rear patio, next to the "bunk room".Eastern exposure, showing the rear patio, next to the "bunk room".</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640722.jpgalt=Southern exposure, view from the river side.Southern exposure, view from the river side.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640719.tifalt=Northwestern exposure, view from Riverview Drive.Northwestern exposure, view from Riverview Drive</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640738.tifalt=Living room, looking toward the Tennessee River.Living room, looking toward the Tennessee River. Furniture designed by Wright.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640737.tifalt=Living room, looking west.Living room, looking west.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenbaum House, Florence, Alabama LCCN2010640727.tifalt=Dining room, showing Wright-designed chairs and table.Dining room. Furniture designed by Wright.</p><br>
<h3>Additional photographs of the Rosenbaum House</h3><br>
<p>These photographs were taken after extensive restoration of the home in the early 2000s.</p><br>
<p>Rosenbaum House, rear garden.jpgalt=Garden (not designed by Wright).Garden created by the Rosenbaums and not designed by Wright.</p><br>
<p>Wfm rosenbaum house interior.jpgalt=Living room.Living room.</p><br>
<p>Interior - Front Door.jpgalt=Front door.Front door.</p><br>
<p>Interior - Lighting detail.jpgalt=Hallway, featuring Wright-designed lighting.Hallway, featuring Wright-designed lighting.</p><br>
<p>Interior - Living Area - Frank Lloyd Wright Chair.jpgalt=Wright-designed chair.Wright-designed chair, constructed from plywood.</p><br>
<p>Interior - Living Area Bookshelves.jpgalt=Living room bookshelves.Living room bookshelves.</p><br>
<p>Interior - Storage Detail.jpgalt=Hallway, showing storage cabinets.Hallway, showing storage cabinets.</p><br>
<p>Michie Tavern , located in Albemarle County, Virginia, is a Virginia Historic Landmark that was established in 1784 by Scotsman William Michie, though in Earlysville. The Tavern served as the social center of its community and provided travelers with food, drink and lodging. It remained in operation, in the Michie family, until 1910, when it came to be owned by the Commonwealth of Virginia. In 1927, the Tavern was purchased by Josephine Henderson, who had it moved seventeen miles from Earlysville to its present location, close to Monticello.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1746, Major John Henry sold land in northern Albemarle County to John Michie. His son, William Michie, inherited the property from his father and built a house. Many people came to his house looking for food and a place to sleep, so William obtained a license to operate an ordinary in 1784 and operated a tavern, inn, and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>In January 2024, Michie Tavern was purchased by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, who outsourced their operations.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Michie Tavern is now a collection of historic buildings that includes a museum and restaurant. It has the largest grouping of reassembled buildings in Albemarle County. Now located near Monticello, it has retained the atmosphere of an 18th-century inn, pub, and a set of stores: The General Store, Tavern Shop, The Artisan Shop, and The Metal Smith Shop.</p><br>
<p>Stagville Plantation is located in Durham County, North Carolina. With buildings constructed from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, Stagville was part of one of the largest plantation complexes in the American South. The entire complex was owned by the Bennehan, Mantack and Cameron families; it comprised roughly 30,000 acre and was home to almost 900 enslaved African Americans in 1860.</p><br>
<p>The remains of Historic Stagville consist of 71 acre, in three tracts, and provides a unique look at North Carolina&#39;s history and general infrastructure in the antebellum South. Among structures on the Stagville site are several historic houses and barns, including the original Bennehan House and some of the original slave quarters, which were in an area known as Horton Grove.</p><br>
<p>The Bennehan House, built 1787 with a large addition in 1799, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973; Horton Grove, an area of two-story slave residences built in 1850, was listed in 1978. The slave residences are well preserved and are the only two-story slave quarters remaining in North Carolina. Significant archaeological finds around the quarters have given archaeologists and historians a glimpse into the lives of the many enslaved people who lived and worked at Stagville and throughout the Bennehan-Cameron holdings.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, Liggett and Meyers Tobacco Company, which had owned and worked the land for decades, donated some of the acreage to the state of North Carolina, which now operates the property as Historic Stagville State Historic Site, a historic house museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.</p><br>
<p>The Mahned Bridge was constructed in 1903 and spans the Leaf River in Perry County, Mississippi. Around 1980, the bridge was removed from service and access was terminated. The bridge was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1996 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mahned Bridge was constructed by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company as a prefabricated, one lane, iron truss structure. Completed in 1903, the bridge was one of the first to span the Leaf River in south Mississippi. The bridge derives its name from the nearby rural community of Mahned.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>Two iron trusses, Camelback and Pratt, comprise the main structure and are positioned on metal caissons filled with concrete. Overall length of the two truss spans is 335 ft. The deck was composed of wooden planking 18 ft wide, but the deck was removed after the bridge was closed.</p><br>
<h3>Notoriety</h3><br>
<p>The remote location of Mahned Bridge, several miles from the small town of New Augusta, made it a favorite gathering spot among college and high school students for star gazing and other activities. In September 1993, the vehicle of Angela Freeman, age 17, was found abandoned at Mahned Bridge. Freeman was missing, and the investigation into her disappearance was never solved.</p><br>
<p>In May 1995, the north end of Mahned Bridge was determined to be the scene of the abduction and murder of William Hatcher, age 27, and Robbie Bond, age 21. The suspect in the Hatcher and Bond murders was subsequently convicted.</p><br>
<p>Piatt&#39;s Landing was an early nineteenth century riverboat and ferry landing on the Ohio River in Boone County, Kentucky. It is located near Route 338 almost due west of downtown Union. The landing and Winnfield Cottage, which no longer exists, were built by Robert Piatt, the grandfather of Civil War General Edward Canby. Ferries owned by the Piatts crossed the Ohio River to Indiana at several points; Touseytown to Lawrenceburg, Rabbit Hash to Rising Sun, and East Bend to North Landing.  A number of the Piatts associated with this family also lived in Norwood, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The name Piatt is of Italian origin, according to N. L. Lodge (p. 1), and the original spelling was Piatti. (Note: N.L. Lodge&#39;s work is not deemed reliable by many researchers. The name Piatt was FRENCH, and was originally spelled Piat. The family came from the Province of Dauphine, near Grenoble, France. Rene Piat LeFleur was a Huguenot refugee who emigrated in the 1670s. He first went to London, where he was "denizated" a British citizen. He later migrated to Long Island, where he married Elizabeth Sheffield, an Englishwoman. They settled in New Jersey. Virtually all Piatts in America are descended from them.)</p><br>
<p>St. Charles College was a minor seminary in Catonsville, Maryland, originally located in Ellicott City, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737&ndash;1832) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence for Maryland. One of the wealthiest men in the Americas at that time and a newly elected delegate to the Second Continental Congress and the only Roman Catholic to vote on independence and sign the document, Carroll staked his fortune on the American Revolution. After the Revolution, Carroll became president of the Maryland Senate in the General Assembly and divided his time between the family mansion and estate Doughoregan Manor in western Anne Arundel County (later Howard County), near Ellicott Mills on the upper Patapsco River, and Annapolis. One of his most important tasks he said was when he helped lay the "first stone" for the new technology of transportation, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on Independence Day, July 4, 1828, west of the city near modern Halethorpe. At his death in 1832, he was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence and was laid to rest with other Carrolls in the crypt at the family chapel at Doughoregan.</p><br>
<p>In 1784, Charles bought Marys Lott, a 75 acre farm from Jacob Burgoon, a Catholic immigrant from Alsace-Lorraine, France, who came to America in about 1745 and settled in Elkridge, Maryland. Jacob and his wife Elizabeth were indentured servants, Jacob working as a cordwainer (shoemaker). They had bought Marys Lott in 1762. They had eight children, and after selling Marys Lott they moved to a farm in what is now Carroll County, Maryland. Marys Lott became part of the land later given for St. Charles College.</p><br>
<p>Ambrose Maréchal (1764&ndash;1828), the future third Archbishop of Baltimore, and other Sulpician priests were frequent guests at Doughoregan, saying Mass there often and gaining the ear of the Charles Carroll. During subsequent years a request of land was made for a minor seminary. Carroll, however, denied the request because he felt he could not break up or donate any part of his patrimony.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, Emily Caton MacTavish, favorite granddaughter of the Signer and sister of the "Three American Graces", convinced Carroll to give 253 acre to the Sulpician Fathers for the erection of a minor seminary — Saint Charles. She accomplished this by suggesting he donate land that he had bought during his lifetime. Included was Mary&#39;s Lott, aptly named for a gift to the Church, thought Carroll at the time. The college was incorporated on February 3, 1830, with the name "St. Charles" chosen for its benefactor, Charles Carroll.</p><br>
<p>Construction started on the college building in 1831. The building would reach a size of 367 ft in length, with 15+1/2 ft ceilings using gas lighting and radiant heat.</p><br>
<p>The first building of Saint Charles College (minor seminary) was completed in 1848, and the college opened on October 31 with two faculty: the president, Father Oliver Jenkins; a deacon, Edward Caton; and four students.</p><br>
<p>Two wings were added in 1859 and blessed by Francis Patrick Kenrick, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore. "Our Lady of the Angels Chapel" was started at this time, but completion was delayed by the Civil War until 1866. An imitation of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, the building was 110 ft long, 34 ft wide and 50 ft high. It was lavishly decorated mainly through the generosity of its first rector and president, Father Oliver Jenkins.</p><br>
<p>Two additional wings were added to the building in 1878 for a 190-person enrollment.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 a vastly enlarged Saint Charles College celebrated its 50th anniversary. The park-like grounds of St. Charles looked southeast towards the Frederick Road, later the eastern end of the historic National Road, the first federally sponsored interstate route begun in the early 1800s from Baltimore to Cumberland and on to the western states finally ending near the Mississippi River in Vandalia, Illinois, then the territorial capital of the Territory of Illinois. In later years the college would overlook Wilkens Avenue, which also runs southwestward out of the city near the intersection of Maiden Choice Lane.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 1911, disaster struck: the college was completely destroyed by a fire that began in the chapel cellar. None of the 200+ faculty and students were killed or injured. Sacred vessels and vestments, along with thousands of priceless manuscripts and books were lost. The burned-out shell was pulled down, and the salvageable building materials were transported to Catonsville, where the college was quickly rebuilt. All that remained were standing ruins of the 1906 Recreation Hall.</p><br>
<p>After the fire, the heirs of the Carroll family requested that the 250 acre of land be returned, since it was not then used as a college, by selling off the land and dividing the profits among the family. The area was purchased by Howard County Planning Board member William Phillip Brendel, who ran Brendel Manor Park opening in 1942. Brendels Manor Park (also known as Gospel Park) hosted the first Howard County Fair onsite in 1946 and 1950, with prison labor used to build structures. In the early 1970s, it was the home of Robert G. Millars Christian Identity community. It has since been upzoned and developed into a suburban housing community. The property was subdivided several times, with Robert J. Lanceolott and Synergy Development Corp. developing over the historic ruins of the first college buildings in 1991 to build the "Terra Maria Community". The ruins of the old minor seminary&#39;s recreation hall and laundry are now located in the middle of Terra Maria Way circle with the grotto removed for a storm water retention pond.(39.287713&deg; latitude, -76.887635&deg; longitude)</p><br>
<p>In 1969, St. Charles High School Department with boarding school was closed and the junior college merged with the upper college of St. Marys Seminary and University now on Roland Avenue and Belvedere Avenue/Northern Parkway in the Roland Park neighborhood of north Baltimore (having moved there from North Paca Street by St. Marys Street in the old Seton Hill neighborhood to new landmark buildings of Beaux Arts/Classical Revival style architecture on a new expansive park-like campus in 1929). The old St. Charles second campus was renamed "St. Marys Seminary College" and continued its educational programs, now opened up to ecumenical participation.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the college closed and the property was sold to Erickson Retirement Communities, Inc. it is presently known as Charlestown Retirement Community.</p><br>
<h2>St. Charles College Historic District</h2><br>
<p>St. Charles College Historic District is a historic Roman Catholic church seminary and national historic district at Catonsville, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The main complex consists of six interconnected buildings, three of which form the central group: Chapel, Administration Building, and Old Dormitory. Each has a rusticated stone first floor and upper levels of buff brick with stone trim in the Italian Renaissance style. The complex includes three additional buildings: the Dining Hall, connected by a passageway; the Convent, physically attached to the Dining Hall, and the Power House.</p><br>
<p>The chapel, designed by Murphy & Olmsted of</p><br>
<p>Washington, D.C., was known as “Our Lady of the Angels”</p><br>
<p>and was the gift of the Jenkins family, who also built Corpus</p><br>
<p>Christi Church in Baltimore. It houses a pipe-organ built by Casavant Frères in 1919, its Opus. 808. The historic Casavant pipe organ was played in recital during the Organ Historical Society Convention in July 2024.William T. Van Pelt, The Pipe Organs of Baltimore July 21-25, 2024. Organ Historical Society 67th Annual Convention. (Villanova: Organ Historical Society, 2024) pg, 114.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Patrick Joseph Byrne, Maryknoll missionary who served as Apostolic Delegate to Korea</p><br>
<p>John F. Collins (1872–1962), Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island 1939–1941</p><br>
<p>George Sterling, poet and playwright</p><br>
<p>Thomas Frederick Price, cofounder of Maryknoll</p><br>
<p>John Surratt, conspirator in the assassination plot of 16th President Abraham Lincoln in 1865</p><br>
<p>Louis J. Weichmann</p><br>
<p>The Grand Opera House is an opera house located at the corner of 8th and Iowa Streets in Dubuque, Iowa that was built in 1890. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed important as a "national treasure". The theatre has the largest of all stages ever in Dubuque, and is Dubuques only surviving opera house. It is architecturally important as an early Richardsonian Romanesque building in Dubuque and as a salient work of Chicago architect Willoughby James Edbrooke. It is Edbrookes only surviving opera house, and he used its design in his design portfolio that won him the position of Supervising Architect of the USA Treasury Department in 1891. Its design is said to be "representative of Edbrooke&#39;s smooth exterior wall interpretation of the Richardsonian Romanesque style." It is also historically important from its association with high-quality theatre in Dubuque during 1890-1928. The theater has been preserved with great historic integrity and, in 2002, was being restored for continuing use in live stage entertainment. Its history is extremely well documented.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 performance events at the theater marked its 125th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The Grand Opera House was built in 1889 and 1890. The Grand Opera House, Inc. was established by William Lester Bradley, Sr. and five other people in 1890 to operate this and other theaters in Dubuque. The opera house would cost $65,000 to build. At the time of its construction, the Grand Opera House was the largest theater to be built in Dubuque. It had a seating capacity of 1,100 and a huge stage that measured 42 ft from front to back. Initially the opera house was connected by a tunnel to a house next door in which people changed costumes.</p><br>
<p>Originally the opening night performance was scheduled to occur on August 15, 1890 until it was realized that August 15 was also the Holy Day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. At that point opening night was rescheduled to August 14. Approximately 800 people paid five dollars to view the Hess Opera Company production of Carmen - a French opera by Georges Bizet.</p><br>
<p>For the next 40 years there were over 2,600 live productions shown at the Grand. Henry Fonda, Ethel Barrymore, George Cohan, Sarah Bernhardt, and Lillian Russell were among the more famous people to have performed at the Grand. A number of years later Fonda would fondly remember his time playing at the Grand, and expressed gratitude that the Grand was still present. One of the most elaborate productions was that of Ben-Hur, which was complete with horses and chariots on stage. The theater showed a profit for 22 out of its first 28 years; the six unprofitable years being the result of capital improvements.</p><br>
<h3>Movies</h3><br>
<p>In 1915 movies were shown at the Grand for the first time. The $15,488 profit that first year was three times that of the Grand&#39;s traditional theater productions. In 1928 the Grand had its last live performance for many years when a production of the Merry Wives of Windsor was performed at the Grand. The Grand was then renovated in 1930 into a movie theater. The second balcony and box seats were removed and the orchestra pit was covered over. The semi-circular stage was straightened. A big screen and new projector was added to the theater.</p><br>
<p>When the Grand was converted into a movie theater, most of the movie theaters were located in downtown Dubuque. By 1972 it was the only surviving downtown movie theater when it was sold to Richard Davis of Des Moines. In 1976 Davis sold the theater to the Dubinsky Brothers. The Grand continued to show movies for several more years.</p><br>
<h3>Return of Live Theater</h3><br>
<p>By the closing years of the 20th century, the Barn Community Theater had purchased the vacant and much-deteriorated Grand Opera House. This marked the end of the Grand&#39;s days as a movie theater. In 1986 a production of "Tintypes" was shown at the theater. This marked the first time in over 57 years that a live production was shown at the Grand.</p><br>
<p>In recent years the Grand Opera House has undergone a number of renovations. This included the restoration of the original facade was accomplished by removing the marquee and metal siding that was placed over it in the 1960s. The interior of the theater was renovated as well.</p><br>
<p>The Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site which is located near Avella in Jefferson Township, Pennsylvania. The site is a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek , and contains evidence that the area may have been continually inhabited for more than 19,000 years. If accurately dated, it would be one of the earliest known sites with evidence of a human presence and continuous human occupation in the New World.</p><br>
<p>The site is located twenty-seven miles west-southwest of Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.</p><br>
<p>The site operates as a division of the Heinz History Center of Pittsburgh and has a museum and a reconstruction of a circa 1570s Monongahela culture Indian village. Meadowcroft Rockshelter is recognized as a National Historic Landmark, a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure, and as an official project of Save America&#39;s Treasures.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and location</h2><br>
<p>The rockshelter is a natural formation beneath an overhanging cliff of Morgantown-Connellsville sandstone, which is a thick Pennsylvanian-age sandstone, brown in color. Meadowcroft is in the Allegheny Plateau, northwest of the Appalachian Basin.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>Native Americans left the site during the American Revolutionary War. It was not rediscovered until many years later, when, in 1955, Albert Miller found the first artifacts in a groundhog burrow. Miller delayed reporting his findings so as to not attract vandals, until he contacted James M. Adovasio, who led the first excavations of the site in 1973 until 1979 by the Cultural Resource Management Program of the University of Pittsburgh. Further University of Pittsburgh field school excavations were conducted through 1989. Since the 1990s, more recent work has also been undertaken by Adovasio through the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute. The methods of excavation used at Meadowcroft are still seen as state-of-the-art. It is viewed as one of the most carefully excavated sites in North America.</p><br>
<h3>Finds</h3><br>
<p>Meadowcroft has produced what may be pre-Clovis remains, found as deep as 11.5 feet underground. The site also has yielded many tools, including pottery, bifaces, bifacial fragments, lamellar blades, a lanceolate projectile point, and chipping debris. Recoveries of note also include fluted points, which are a marker of the Paleoindian period. Remains of flint from Ohio, jasper from eastern Pennsylvania and marine shells from the Atlantic coast suggest that the people inhabiting the area were mobile and involved in long-distance trade. At least one basin-shaped hearth was reused over time.</p><br>
<p>Meadowcroft has also yielded the largest collection of flora and fauna materials ever recovered from a location in eastern North America. The arid environment provided the necessary and rare conditions that permitted excellent botanical preservation. In total, animal remains representing 149 species were excavated. Evidence shows that people gathered smaller game animals as well as plants, such as corn, squash, fruits, nuts, and seeds.</p><br>
<h3>Dating</h3><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating of the site indicated occupancy beginning 16,000 years ago (14,000 BCE) and possibly as early as 19,000 years ago (17,000 BCE). However, the dates are still controversial. A recent (2013) survey carried out by the Society for American Archaeology reported support from 38% of archaeologists, with 20% rejecting the early dates. Criticism of these early radiocarbon dates has focused on the potential for contamination by ancient carbon from coal-bearing strata in the watershed. The samples, tested by an independent third party geomorphologist, concluded that the samples showed no evidence of groundwater activity. Tests performed via accelerator mass spectrometry also support the earlier dates. Proponents of the notion that contamination occurred note that the alkali-soluble humates in charcoal samples from the site are older than the charcoal in the samples. If authentic, these dates would indicate that Meadowcroft was used in the pre-Clovis era and, as such, provides evidence for very early human habitation of the Americas. Meadowcroft Rockshelter may be one of the oldest known sites of human habitation in North America, providing a unique glimpse into the lives of prehistoric hunters and gatherers. Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland remains have all been found at the site.</p><br>
<h3>Miller complex</h3><br>
<p>An unusual type of arrowhead was found at the site, which has been named the Miller Lanceolate projectile point. Similar unfluted lanceolate points have also been found at the adjacent sites. As Goodyear writes:Enough lithic artifacts were recovered to define the Miller complex. This complex consists of thin bifaces, including one lanceolate point, the Miller Lanceolate; small prismatic blades; retouched flake tools and blades, and debitage related to late-stage core and biface reduction and tool kit maintenance.The Miller complex is further defined by surveys done in the Cross Creek watershed, where other lanceolate points, small prismatic blades, and small polyhedral blade cores have been recovered. According to Adovasio et al., this complex has a Eurasiatic and Siberian appearance. These authors also note that small blades and polyhedral cores are absent from subsequent Paleoindian fluted-point assemblages in this region, reinforcing the technological distinctiveness of the Miller complex.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent Krajacic Site is located about ten miles southeast of Meadowcroft, and it is also important in defining the Miller complex. This site yielded a great variety of distinctive Meadowcroft-style blade implements and several small, cylindrical polyhedral cores.</p><br>
<p>At Cactus Hill in Virginia, similar points have been found, where they are dubbed as the Early Triangular type. Some similar finds were made at the Page-Ladson site in Florida as well.</p><br>
<p>Because of the very long occupational sequence at Meadowcroft, it became a very important site and is seen as quite valuable for comparative analysis:</p><br>
<p>The Pre-Clovis artifacts from Meadowcroft Rockshelter include a lanceolate point (named the Miller Lanceolate), bifaces, unifaces, prismatic blades, core fragments, and debitage. Remains from other Pre-Clovis sites (e.g., Cactus Hill and Saltville, Virginia, Topper, South Carolina, etc.) are usually compared to the Meadowcroft assemblage. In addition, claims for Pre-Clovis inhabitants in other sections of the New World also are evaluated with Meadowcroft in mind.</p><br>
<p>According to some scholars, Clovis, Folsom, and other fluted point complexes may have derived from such unfluted lanceolate points.</p><br>
<h3>Other relevant sites in the northeastern United States</h3><br>
<p>Other sites in the northeastern United States with evidence of possible pre-Clovis human presence include: Burning Tree Mastodon (Ohio), Mitchell Farm (Delaware), Barton (Barton Village Site, Maryland), Miles Point, and Parsons Island.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and historical designations</h2><br>
<p>Renovations to the rock shelter in 2008 were made so that visitors can see some of the tools and campfires made by the first Americans thousands of years ago. The rockshelter is recognized as a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure and is an official project of Save America&#39;s Treasures. The historic site also includes a recreation of a 16th-century Monongahela village as well as 18th and 19th century buildings from European and United States settlement.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 1999, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the site. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005. It is also designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Humpback Covered Bridge located in the USA state of Virginia, is one of the few remaining covered bridges in the United States that was built higher in the middle than on either end; hence the name of "humpback". The bridge was built in 1857 and is also the oldest remaining covered bridge in the state of Virginia. Its WGCB number is 46-03-01. The bridge spans a tributary of the Jackson River known as Dunlap Creek, for a distance of 109 ft. The humpback feature is 4 ft higher in the center than at either end. The bridge is located near the city of Covington, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Covered bridges were first built in the 1810s when it was determined that adding a roof over wooden bridges would better protect the decking and support trusses and increase the lifespan of the bridge. The decking and support systems of the era would last an average of ten years on uncovered wooden bridges. As was later discovered, covered wooden bridges ultimately averaged ten times the lifespan of uncovered ones. Covered bridges were sometimes referred to as "kissing bridges" during the more modest era of the late 19th Century, as the privacy from passing through a covered bridge would allow passengers in horse and buggy an opportunity to kiss each other unobserved.</p><br>
<p>Three bridges stood at approximately the same location as Humpback Covered Bridge does today. The first bridge was built in the 1820s and was destroyed by a flood in 1837. A second bridge built the next year was also damaged beyond repair by a flood on July 13, 1842. The third bridge collapsed in 1856 due to heavy use and fatigue from weathering. None of these earlier bridges were either arched or covered. All three bridges were a part of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, a heavily used mountain road that connected the Shenandoah Valley with the Alleghany Mountains and areas further west. The current bridge was built in 1857 and the design of both covering and also arching the bridge was hoped to increase the longevity of the bridge by protecting the midsection from future floods and the decking from the ravaging effects of moisture and sunlight. The decking, unlike houses and other structures, could not be painted to prevent deterioration, as the traffic from horses and wagons would quickly remove any available paints of the era.</p><br>
<p>The Humpback Covered Bridge was used from 1857 to 1929, when a steel truss bridge was built for USA Route 60 immediately to the north. The bridge was abandoned but was sometimes used by a local farmer into the early 1950s to store hay bales. In 1953, the Virginia Highway Department matched a $5,000 fund that had been raised by the Covington Business and Professional Women&#39;s Club and the Covington Chamber of Commerce. Five acres surrounding the bridge were purchased and a small wayside park which opened in 1954 was built, allowing easier access. On October 1, 1969, the bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2012 it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Most covered bridges were made of the strongest readily available wood. In the case of the Humpback Covered Bridge, this meant white oak and hickory. The bridge, as it stands today, has most of the original hand-hewn support timbers and decking that was laid down in 1857, however, most of the walls and roofing have been replaced several times since. Bridge decking was traditionally constructed of wide planks a foot (30.5 cm) or more in width and 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) in thickness. Most of the support beams are at least a foot thick. The supports in the bridge utilized hand made honey locust wood pins to fasten sections of the supports together. The supports incorporate a unique curved multiple kingpost-truss system that is not found in any other surviving wooden bridge in the USA The bridge is an original and unique design not duplicated anywhere else.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Humpback covered bridge is located 3 miles (4.3 km) west of Covington, Virginia adjacent to USA Highway 60 off Rumsey Road (SR 600). Exit number 10 in Virginia off of Interstate 64 is less than 1 mi from the bridge site. The 5 acre wayside park includes a parking area, restrooms, a picnic area and access to Dunlap Creek.</p><br>
<p>Lac qui Parle State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, near Watson. Lac qui Parle is a French translation of the native Dakota name, "Mde Lyedan," meaning "lake that speaks".</p><br>
<p>The state park was built as part of the Lac qui Parle Flood Control Project. Lac qui Parle itself is a widening of the Minnesota River, and the flood control project involved building a dam at the south end of the lake. The dam was constructed by the Works Progress Administration, and other projects were built along the lake. Besides the dam and the state park, other projects included the Watson Wayside, Lac qui Parle Parkway, and the reconstruction of the Lac qui Parle Mission. Three structures are included in the National Register of Historic Places, including the Model Shelter, which houses a relief map (cast in reinforced concrete) of the Lac qui Parle Flood Control System and the Minnesota River Valley; the kitchen shelter; and the sanitation building.</p><br>
<p>Mille Lacs Kathio State Park, also known as Kathio Site, is a Minnesota state park on Mille Lacs Lake. The park preserves habitation sites and mound groups, believed to date between 3000 BC and 1750 AD, that document Dakota Indian culture and Ojibwe-Dakota relationships. The park contains 19 identified archaeological sites, making it one of the most significant archaeological collections in Minnesota. The earliest site dates to the Archaic period and shows evidence of copper tool manufacture. The Dakota lived in this area roughly until the 18th century, when many bands of them were moving southward into the prairies and river areas of southern Minnesota. At the same time, Ojibwe  were moving in from the east. Ojibwe oral tradition, published by William Whipple Warren, suggests that there was a battle in which they successfully took control of the area from the Lakota.</p><br>
<p>Around the time of contact in the 1850s, loggers came to the area. The next 50 years resulted in a large quantity of trees being felled and floated down the Rum River or across Mille Lacs Lake to sawmills.</p><br>
<p>The name "Kathio" is actually a corruption of "Izatys", a name the Mdewakanton Dakota people gave themselves. Explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut visited the area in 1679. He named the area "Izatys", but his poor handwriting led people to mistake the "Iz" as a "K". Further errors led to the name being transliterated to "Kathio".</p><br>
<p>The Kathio Historic District site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office Cooper Station, located at 93 Fourth Avenue, on the corner of East 11th Street in Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1937, and was designed by consulting architect William Dewey Foster in the Art Moderne style for the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. It serves the 10003 ZIP code, which covers the neighborhood of the East Village. Its sub-station is located on East 3rd Street near Avenue C.</p><br>
<p>The post office is named in honor of Peter Cooper, the mid-19th century industrialist and philanthropist who founded the nearby The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The fictional character Newman from the television sitcom Seinfeld supposedly worked here. A photo of the building was frequently used as an establishing shot for scenes involving him.</p><br>
<p>The Curtis Arboretum is a arboretum in Wyncote, Pennsylvania. The arboretum was founded by Mary Louise Curtis Bok in honor of her father, Cyrus Curtis.</p><br>
<p>The landscaping was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The arboretum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The arboretum surrounds Curtis Hall, once the ballroom of the Curtis family mansion, which now is operated by the Cheltenham Township Parks and Recreation Department. The arboretum features hills, two ponds, a dog park, a small World War II memorial, and over 50 types of trees.</p><br>
<p>Curtis Arboretum serves as the home course for the Cheltenham High School mens and womens cross country running teams.</p><br>
<p>Barker Dam, also known as Big Horn Dam, is a dam with water-storage reservoir located in Joshua Tree National Park in California. The dam was constructed by early cattlemen, including C. O. Barker, in 1900. It was raised in 1949 by rancher William F. Keys. It is situated between Queen Valley and the Wonderland of Rocks near the Wall Street Mill. It is a gathering place for desert wildlife, including many species of birds and desert bighorn sheep. Visitors can reach the dam via a short loop trail from a nearby parking lot off Barker Dam Road, and can see Native American petroglyphs a short distance to the west. There is also good bouldering on side trails near the dam. The park offers a Barker Dam Nature Hike led by a ranger.</p><br>
<p>The lowest 9 ft of the dam, the original portion, was constructed of concrete surfaced with stone on the downstream side. The height of the dam was raised an additional six feet with concrete in 1949–1950. The dam has several indentations. An inscription at top reads: "Big Horn Dam Built by Willis Keys, W.F. Keyes, Phyllis M. Keys, 1949–1950."</p><br>
<h2>Hiking trails</h2><br>
<p>Barker Dam is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Willard House and Clock Museum is a museum located in North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Willard House and Clock Museum is located at the former farm homestead of the Willard brothers (Benjamin, Simon, Ephraim, and Aaron). The brothers made clocks there in the late 18th century, before they moved the business to Roxbury, where they became pillars of the emerging American clockmaking industry. The house was built about 1718. It stands in a rural setting, in the middle of a field that was part of the Willard farm back in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Like other contemporaneous horologists, the Willard family originally divided its life seasonally, between farming and the clock workshop. Eventually the business became profitable, at which point the house was further enlarged. While in Grafton, Simon, the most innovative and most famous of the Willard brothers, developed his first so called banjo clock, more properly called the "Willard Patent Timepiece", which was patented in 1802.</p><br>
<h2>Museum founding and history</h2><br>
<p>The museum was founded by Dr. Roger W. Robinson and his wife Imogene, collectors of Willard clocks, after they were able to acquire the Willard homestead. For a period in the late 1990s the museum was administered by the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, but soon was turned into an independent foundation again, governed by a board made up of representatives of the Willard family, the founding couple, the local community and some horological experts.</p><br>
<p>The original homestead farmhouse have been added to in recent years and in addition to the original rooms there are now two large galleries. The museum has over 80 Willard clocks, representing the craftsmanship of all the members of the family in the horological trade. While there are several clocks signed Grafton, the exhibits include also clocks made later after the Willard clock enterprise had moved on to Roxbury, Massachusetts, now part of Boston.</p><br>
<p>Besides hosting the worlds most comprehensive collection of Willard timepieces there are many Willard family memorabilia on display. The original house is furnished with period furniture, and in the reconstructed workshop building there is a small collection of historic horological tools in a display showing what Simon Willards original workshop may have looked like. The majority of clocks are shown in running condition.</p><br>
<p>There is a small gift shop, and the museum has a small Willard-centric library open to museum members by appointment.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton House is a historic building located in downtown Ithaca, New York. It is built primarily in the Greek Revival style, common in older buildings in Ithaca. It currently houses offices and a local charter school. It is directly adjacent to the Ithaca Commons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Clinton House was originally built in 1828–1829 as an upscale hotel and Ithaca&#39;s first professional office building, with 150 rooms, an immense undertaking for the then 4,000-strong population of Ithaca. It was named for DeWitt Clinton, governor of New York from 1817 to 1822 and again from 1824 to 1827.</p><br>
<p>Upon its opening Clinton House was reputed to be "the most imposing hotel" between New York and Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>At least four USA presidents have stayed in its rooms, as well as numerous film actors from Ithaca&#39;s brief heyday as a center for the film industry.</p><br>
<p>The Clinton House was built in 1831, which was during the Greek Revival Stage of America (1820–1860). The columns out front and the enormous windows and doors are sure signs of the style.</p><br>
<p>Today, The Clinton house houses many business offices and the New Roots Charter School.</p><br>
<p>Kingsmill is a geographic area in James City County, Virginia, that includes a large planned residential community, a resort complex, a theme park, a brewery, and a commercial park.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsmill area is between the north bank of the James River just east (downstream) of the site where the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown was established in 1607 and Interstate Highway 64. Highway access to most of the areas businesses and attractions is from USA Route 60 between the eastern city limits of Williamsburg and the adjacent community of Grove, or from Virginia State Route 199, which forms a semi-circular beltway of sorts around Williamsburgs southern side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Kingsmill Plantation</h3><br>
<p>A prominent member of the Virginia Company, Richard Kingsmill, became the namesake of the Kingsmill Plantation. The Virginia Company was a for-profit organization chartered in England which was charged with the founding and settlement of Virginia under the reign of King James I. Richard Kingsmill was given one of the first land grants of 300 acre in the southwest area of what later became a much larger plantation. Elizabeth Kingsmill married Col William Tayloe and he inherited the land from her father. After his death in 1655, the administrator for his estate Col William Tayloe sold 1,200 acres to Lewis Burwell II in 1693. In the mid-1730s, British Colonel Lewis Burwell III established a 1,400 acre plantation which he named Kingsmill Plantation. It included a mansion, outbuildings and garden. He was the colonial customs inspector for the upper James River. Along the river, Burwells Landing, site of his inspection station, also featured a tavern, storehouse, warehouse, and ferry house. Quarterpath Road extended between Burwells Landing and Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsmill area saw action during the American Revolutionary War. The house burned in 1843. Only the office and the kitchen still stand; they are among the earliest brick dependencies still extant in Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Action during the American Civil War (1861–65) also skirted Kingsmill Plantation lands. In 1862, Union troops under Major General George B. McClellan engaged in a failed attempt to seize the Confederate capital of Richmond. Slowly and carefully, much to the frustration of USA President Abraham Lincoln, McClellan assembled huge naval forces and a massive siege train of land-based troops, arms and supplies around a staging area based at the union stronghold of Fort Monroe at the tip of the Virginia Peninsula, where the harbor of Hampton Roads had been under federal control via siege for about a year already.</p><br>
<p>Forces under McClellan for what has become known as the Peninsula Campaign dwarfed all previous American expeditions at the time, transporting 121,500 men, 44 artillery batteries, 1,150 wagons, over 15,000 horses, and tons of equipment and supplies. An English observer remarked that it was the "stride of a giant."</p><br>
<p>McClellan&#39;s plan initially was to utilize the James and York rivers, especially the former, which was known to be navigable to Richmond, in combination with his land-based forces, to attack simultaneously and overwhelm the unknown resources of the rebels at Richmond. However, even as several months were spent through the winter of 1862 training new troops and bringing these many Union assets into position, the portion of the scheme which depended upon control of the James River ran into trouble. In March, the Battle of Hampton Roads between the first ironclad warships took place. Although the conflict between the two ships was inconclusive, the new technologies were to change naval warfare dramatically, and control of the harbor of Hampton Roads was brought into serious question.</p><br>
<p>Although the Union never lost control of the entrance to the harbor, and was able to retake Norfolk and Norfolk Naval Shipyard at Portsmouth shortly thereafter, Union ships were unable to move past heavily defended Drewry&#39;s Bluff east of Richmond along the James River. It appeared unlikely that situation would improve. McClellan realized that his plan to take Richmond would almost certainly depend upon his land forces alone.</p><br>
<p>In early April 1862, McClellan&#39;s massive siege train began moving cautiously westerly up the Peninsula toward the Confederate citadel. Throughout the campaign, McClellan was convinced (erroneously) that he was facing much larger opposing forces than he was. At times, he even estimated these forces to greatly outnumber his own, frequently and bitterly complaining to Lincoln (his Commander-in-Chief), who had withheld from McClellan a much smaller force of federal troops to maintain a defensive position around Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate strategy of the early portion of the Peninsula Campaign became one of delays, providing vital time for defenses to be built outside Richmond. The advancing Union forces were confronted with a series of three defensive lines erected across the Peninsula, which were manned primarily by greatly outnumbered forces led by General John B. Magruder. The first, about 12 mi north of Fort Monroe, contained infantry outposts and artillery redoubts, but was insufficiently manned to prevent any Union advance. Its primary purpose was to prevent the Union from learning much about the second line. Known as the Warwick Line, this second, and by far largest of the three defensive lines, was about a dozen miles east of Williamsburg, along the Warwick River. It was anchored by Yorktown on the north and Mulberry Island on the south. It consisted of redoubts, rifle pits, and fortifications behind the Warwick River. By enlarging two dams on the river, the Confederates developed the river as a significant military obstacle in its own right. The third defensive line was a series of forts just east of Williamsburg, which waited unmanned for use by the army if it had to fall back from Yorktown.</p><br>
<p>Although greatly outnumbered, defenders along the first and second lines under former thespian "Prince" John Magruder took advantage of the poor visibility due to the seasonally heavy undergrowth of the naturally-wooded and swampy terrain. They used elaborate ruse tactics and guerrilla raids to intimidate McClellan and his leaders into thinking they were facing far larger forces, which increased their caution and greatly slowed their progress westward. Stephen Sears, the author of the To The Gates of Richmond, described Magruders having his troops march back and forth behind the lines with great fanfare to appear to be a larger force, as "performances of the Prince John Players." Magruders efforts appeared successful, as the ever-cautious McClellan moved very slowly with his forces. These were substantially larger than those of the Confederate defenders, even when the latter were reinforced by the arrival of the Army of Northern Virginia under General Joseph E. Johnston. Meanwhile, the Confederates built their long defensive line outside Richmond.</p><br>
<p>While there were several armed conflicts with loss of life, after finally overtaking the first line and meeting minimal resistance, McClellan chose to carefully amass his troops and plan a major offensive, taking the better part of 30 days to do so. He had huge cannons brought up the York River by ship and installed in a position favorable for his planned assault of Yorktown. The night before McClellan was finally positioned to launch his major offensive against Warwick Line, the Confederate troops quietly withdrew and retreated toward Richmond via Williamsburg. Discovering only empty works and Quaker gun in the abandoned fortifications on May 3, McClellan sent his cavalry racing after the escaping Confederates. He also loaded a division of infantry aboard ships to sail up the York River to the west in an attempt to outflank the Confederates&#39; apparent retreat toward Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Only two roads led from the abandoned Warwick Line to be used by the massive equipment and numerous troops of the Union siege train in pursuing the fleeing Confederates, who had a head start. These were the Williamsburg-Yorktown Road and the Williamsburg-Lee&#39;s Mill Road. They converged about 1 mi east of Williamsburg. The weather had been rainy, and both armies slogged along the dirt roads of the sandy terrain. These undoubtedly became deeper in mud and more difficult to traverse.</p><br>
<p>The Williamsburg Line was the third line of defensive fortifications across the Peninsula. It was anchored by College Creek, a tributary of the James River, on the south and Queens Creek, a tributary of the York River on the north. Under the leadership of local planter Benjamin S. Ewell, president of the College of William and Mary, a series of 14 redoubts were built along the line. Named Fort Magruder, Redoubt Number 6, was the center of the convergence of the roads from Yorktown and Lees Mill. It was shaped as an elongated pentagon, with walls 15 ft high and nine feet thick. The earthworks were protected by a dry moat nine feet deep. It mounted eight guns. Several of the redoubts were just east of the Quarterpath Road, which lead from Williamsburg to the landing for Kingsmill Plantation on the James River.</p><br>
<p>Despite the significant head start of the southern forces, cavalry forces from each side met, and began skirmishing on May 4. Union General George Stonemans cavalry encountered and began skirmishing with Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry, the Confederate&#39;s rearguard. Learning of this, and frustrated by the slow progress of his own forces which were passing through Williamsburg, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston detached a portion of his troops to confront the advancing Union troops. On May 5, 1862, the single-day Battle of Williamsburg took place. During the day, several groups of Union troops battled with Confederates near the Williamsburg line, with much of the action at or near Fort Magruder. Confederate casualties, including the cavalry skirmishing on May 4, were 1,682. Union casualties were 2,283.</p><br>
<p>Although McClellan claimed a Union victory in his reports, and he took the Williamsburg Line within slightly more than 24 hours, most historians rate the Battle of Williamsburg as a Confederate victory. The Williamsburg Line had served its intended purpose. The primary goal of the defenders had been to enable the retreat of the main Confederate force to the defenses of Richmond, and this was accomplished.</p><br>
<p>Those Union forces sent up the York River by McClellan met limited success in stopping fleeing rebels. Their conflict on May 7 became known as the Battle of Elthams Landing. That conflict in New Kent County was little more than a heavy skirmish, resulting in 194 Union casualties and 48 Confederate. The remaining battles of McClellans campaign were fought either outside the gates of Richmond or during his later retreat to the protection of the Union Navy at Harrison&#39;s Landing (better known in modern times as Berkley Plantation).</p><br>
<p>In the areas along the Williamsburg Line, including the Quarterpath Road north of modern-day Virginia State Route 199 and along USA Route 60, portions of the redoubts were preserved. This includes the core of Fort Magruder (in James City County on today&#39;s Penniman Road). Several additional preserved redoubts remain along the Colonial Parkway north of Fort Magruder.</p><br>
<h3>Williamsburg: the closest center of commerce</h3><br>
<p>Located along a ridge of higher ground along the Virginia Peninsula midway between the York and James rivers, Williamsburg had been established in the early 17th century as a fortified settlement known as Middle Plantation. During the American Revolutionary War, under the leadership of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson, the capital of Virginia was relocated many miles inland to Richmond, at the fall line on the James River.</p><br>
<p>Although the Quarterpath Road led to the James River at Burwells Landing, (as did the old Jamestown Road), to reach the landings and the river were significant distances in the era before railroads or motor vehicles. Also, in differing directions by land from Williamsburg, and at a shorter distance, persons could get to other landings on the College Creek or Queens Creek, which led to the very navigable portions of the James and York rivers, respectively. The distances to navigable water from Williamsburg were obstacles that inhibited trade and put the town into lesser position compared to communities with better water access.</p><br>
<p>An early plan to establish a relatively short canal to enable shipping to Williamsburg from either or both of the navigable waterways a dozen or less miles nearby was initiated. Some construction was undertaken, but was never completed. The proposed canal instead became a little-known footnote in Williamsburg&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the town did not have ready access to a major waterway nor transportation pathway, throughout the formative years of the United States, Williamsburg did not develop as a major center of commerce of any great significance. For at least 140 years after 1781, Williamsburg was best known as the home of the often struggling College of William and Mary (established by Royal Charter by Englands only joint monarchy in 1693). It also had the first mental asylum in what became the United States, a pioneering institution which modern successor became known as Eastern State Hospital. Williamsburg seemed somewhat forgotten and "passed by," and was the subject of occasional humor along those lines. On June 26, 1912, the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper ran an editorial which dubbed the town Lotusburg&#39; for "Tuesday was election day in Williamsburg but nobody remembered it. The clerk forgot to wake the electoral board, the electoral board could not arouse itself long enough to have the ballots printed, the candidates forgot they were running, the voters forgot they were alive."</p><br>
<p>In the early 1880s, through the vision and efforts of railroad builder and industrialist Collis P. Huntington and his associates, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) had been extended from Richmond through Williamsburg to reach Newport News Point, at the confluence of the James and the Elizabeth rivers in Warwick County, where coal shipping facilities were established. Soon, a town quickly developed as the City of Newport News in 1896. A great shipyard, which became Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company was also established there.</p><br>
<p>The railroad had been built primarily as a transportation line to enable shipping of bituminous coal from the rich coalfields of southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia. But it also connected Williamsburg, as well as James City and Warwick counties, with the expanding transcontinental railroads of the country. Passenger and freight services were provided, and stations were built along the line, including one at Grove Station, a few miles north and east of Kingsmill near the adjacent Carter&#39;s Grove Plantation at Grove, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Carters Grove Plantation and Carters Grove Wharf were the next major feature immediately east of Kinsgmill along the north bank of the James River. Carter&#39;s Grove was still an active plantation in the early 20th century, but the Kingsmill Plantation and surrounding properties had fallen into ruins and disuse. With much of it primarily both wooded and hilly, the land at Kingsmill was not particularly well-suited to agriculture. It stood largely vacant and unused as major changes began at Williamsburg and the nearby region beginning in 1926.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial Williamsburg</h3><br>
<p>In the first half of the 20th century, much of the property in the area of the old Kingsmill Plantation was acquired by Standard Oil heir John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his associates and by Colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>Championed initially by the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, who was affiliated with both Bruton Parish Church (which he helped restore in 1907 in time for the Jamestown Exposition), and working with the College of William and Mary&#39;s president at the time, J.A.C. Chandler, the Colonial Williamsburg project was funded and endowed by John D. Rockefeller Jr., along with his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The Rockefellers officially developed Colonial Williamsburg to celebrate the patriots and the early history of the United States. Many of the missing Colonial structures were reconstructed on their original sites during the 1930s. Others were restored to estimates of 18th-century appearance, with traces of later buildings and improvements removed. Dependency structures and animals add to the ambiance. Most buildings are open for tourists, with the exception of buildings serving as residences for Colonial Williamsburg employees.</p><br>
<p>Notable structures include the Capitol and the Governor&#39;s Palace, each recreated and landscaped as to what is known of their late 18th-century condition, as well as Bruton Parish Church and the Raleigh Tavern. The Wren Building on the campus of William and Mary was one of the first buildings to be restored.</p><br>
<p>The Rockefellers had many homes in New York and Maine. However, it was not long before the couple came to regard Williamsburg as their favorite and the town as one in which they felt "at home" according to statements to that effect made by their children and grandchildren. This is also evidenced by many of their actions as well as those of their family and other members of the patriarch of the Rockefeller family who have continued the sentiment. Their love and concern for the citizenry of the area may be shown in many ways which extend beyond the principal missions and direct accomplishments of Colonial Williamsburg.</p><br>
<p>Notable among these was Abby&#39;s efforts to facilitate educational opportunities for persons of African-American heritage during a very difficult period for such efforts in Virginia, notably her role with the establishment of the Bruton Heights School complex, which went far to equalize educational opportunities for blacks in the Greater Williamsburg community many years before judicial rulings and governmental mandates brought similar efforts elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>At the urging of Dr. Goodwin, John and Abby Rockefeller made their home at Bassett Hall, between the northern end of the historic Quarterpath Road and the southeastern edge of the Historic District. Their funds helped acquire vast tracts of land throughout the area, including property which extended east to include the old Kingsmill Plantation. It has been said that they had dreams of acquiring one of the old working James River plantations still extant in their lifetimes, but that goal eluded them.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s Rockefeller had attempted to acquire Shirley, long the seat of the Carter family, halfway between Richmond and Williamsburg, that he felt was the ideal plantation with which to supplement the historical messages of the colonial capital he was restoring. Though its owners were much reduced in circumstances, the plantation wasn&#39;t for sale. The Carters did, however, agree, in 1928, to sell a Charles Willson Peale portrait of General Washington that they owned to Rockefeller for the sum of $75,000 (equal to approximately $1 million in 2015).</p><br>
<p>After Abby and John D. Rockefeller Jr. had each died, beginning in the 1960s, their son Winthrop Rockefeller served as chairman of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He was also governor of the state of Arkansas. During his dual tenures, he became aware of an opportunity to acquire Carters Grove Plantation, adjacent to Colonial Williamsburgs extensive holdings near the old Kingsmill Plantation lands, and still extant as both a home and working farm. Also established by a Burwell (in 1755), Carters Grove had most recently been owned since 1928 by Pittsburgh industrialist Archibald McCrea and his wife Mary "Mollie" Corling (Johnston) Dunlop McCrea, originally of Petersburg. It was purchased from her estate by an arm of the Rockefeller Foundation and eventually transferred to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. For many years during Winthrops tenure, Carter&#39;s Grove was used to host dignitaries visiting Colonial Williamsburg, as well as enable archaeological research as well as host some public presentations for Colonial Williamsburg patrons.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, while serving as both Governor of Arkansas and chairman of Colonial Williamsburg, Winthrop learned that Anheuser-Busch head August Busch, II was considering establishing a brewery and possibly other developmental investments in eastern Virginia. While the details are unknown publicly, he and Busch apparently collaborated on a deal which resulted in the brewing conglomerate&#39;s development of diversified activities in the Williamsburg area, which grew to include not only the brewery, but the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park, and Kingsmill Resort, the Kingsmill on the James residential planned community, and several large commercial parks. To help negotiate the deal, the land which had once been Kingsmill Plantation was made available for purchase. Along with the later acquisition of smaller nearby water park, the A-B developments this fostered in the Williamsburg community generated thousands of new jobs and millions of dollars of new tax revenues.</p><br>
<p>Both Winthrop Rockefeller, who died in 1973, and August Busch II, who died in 1989 have been credited by some historians with helping develop the Greater Williamsburg area into one of the top tourism destinations in the world. They apparently felt that augmenting the attractions of the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia (Jamestown, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown) with other attractions would help draw future families to the region, as well as help balance out the local economy, stimulate the hospitality industry (restaurants and lodging), and add employment opportunities.</p><br>
<p>Due to operational logistics, Carter&#39;s Grove Plantation was eventually sold (with restrictive covenants regarding use and future development) by Colonial Williamsburg. The global economy also eventually resulted in A-B setting out to divest its theme parks, the resort and other developments to new ownership.</p><br>
<h2>21st century: Kingsmill area</h2><br>
<p>As of 2013, Colonial Williamsburg and the developments initiated by the Rockefellers and Busch family, continued to provide Williamsburg, James City County, and much of the surrounding area with a substantial base of employment and economic activity.</p><br>
<p>Major Kingsmill area developments include:</p><br>
<p>Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park</p><br>
<p>Quarterland Commons Commercial Park</p><br>
<p>Kingsmill Resort golf resort</p><br>
<p>Kingsmill on the James planned community (Notable and/or notorious residents have included Curtis Strange, Donald Regan, Marv Levy, and John W. Hinckley Jr.)</p><br>
<p>Dockery Plantation was a 25,600 acre cotton plantation and sawmill in Dockery, Mississippi, on the Sunflower River between Ruleville and Cleveland, Mississippi. It is widely regarded as the place where Delta blues music was born. Blues musicians resident at Dockery included Charley Patton, Robert Johnson and Howlin&#39; Wolf. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation was started in 1895 by Will Dockery (1865–1936), a graduate of the University of Mississippi who originally bought the land for its timber but soon recognized the richness of its soil. At the time, much of the Delta area was still a wilderness of cypress and gum trees, roamed by panthers and wolves and plagued with mosquitoes. The land was gradually cleared and drained for cotton cultivation, which encouraged an influx of black labourers. Some became settled sharecroppers, who would work a portion of the land in return for a share of the crop, while others were itinerant workers. Dockery earned a good reputation for treating his workers and sharecroppers fairly and thus attracted workers from throughout the South.</p><br>
<p>Dockery&#39;s land was relatively remote, but was opened up for development by a new branch of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, known as the Yellow Dog. Around 1900, Dockery had a rail terminal built on his plantation, so connecting his land with the main rail system at Rosedale. Because of its circuitous route, this local line was known as the "Pea Vine".</p><br>
<p>Dockery Plantation eventually supported over 2,000 workers, who were paid in the plantations own coins. In addition to the railroad terminal, it had its own plantation store, post office, school, doctor, and churches. The workers’ quarters included boardinghouses, where they lived, socialized and played music, particularly guitars, which had been introduced to the area by Mexican workers in the 1890s. Dockery took no interest in his workers music, but he made it easy for them to travel and to spend their leisure time as they pleased.</p><br>
<p>Charley Patton and his family are believed to have moved around 1900 to the Dockery Plantation, where he came under the influence of an older musician, Henry Sloan. In turn, Patton became the central figure of a group of blues musicians including Willie Brown, Tommy Johnson, and Eddie "Son" House, who played around the local area. Because of its location, central to Sunflower County’s black population of some 35,000 in 1920, the plantation became known as a centre for informal musical entertainment. By the mid-1920s, the group widened to include a younger generation of musicians, including Robert Johnson, Chester "Howlin’ Wolf" Burnett, Roebuck "Pops" Staples, and David "Honeyboy" Edwards. Some of these were itinerant workers, while others lived more permanently on the farms.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, the plantation was inherited by Joe Rice Dockery (1906–1982). With agricultural mechanisation and the employment attractions of the larger cities further north, the plantation settlements gradually disappeared, although some of the historic buildings remain. The farm later diversified to produce corn, rice and soybeans. Later members of the Dockery family have established a foundation to fund research into the Delta blues.</p><br>
<p>The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Today the site hosts a small number of private tours, lectures, and events in partnership with the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, Delta State University, and other academic and cultural institutions. Dockery is still a working farm, producing soybeans, rice, and corn (but not cotton.) There is a private house located behind the Service Station, which is used by members of the Dockery family and their relatives as a "vacation" home, although it is not anyone&#39;s primary residence.</p><br>
<h2>Historical marker</h2><br>
<p>A marker designating Dockery Plantation as a site on the Mississippi Blues Trail is an acknowledgment of the important contribution of the plantation to the development of the blues in Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The marker was placed in Cleveland, Mississippi. Governor Haley Barbour stated</p><br>
<p>Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site at 1538 9th Street NW, in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C., preserves the home of Carter G. Woodson . Woodson, the founder of Black History Month, was an African-American historian, author, and journalist.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property served as Dr. Woodson&#39;s home from 1922 until his death in 1950. From this three-story Victorian rowhouse, Woodson managed the operations of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, published the Negro History Bulletin and the Journal of Negro History, operated Associated Publishers, and pursued his own research</p><br>
<p>and writing about African-American history. The home continued to serve as the national headquarters of the Association until the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 but became vacant in the 1990s. In 2001, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed the site on its annual "Americas Most Endangered PlacesAmericas 11 Most Endangered Historic</p><br>
<p>Places" list. With advocacy by the NTHP, the DC Preservation League, community activists, and Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton, the National Historic Site was authorized by Public Law 108-192 on December 19, 2003, and established by Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton on February 27, 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the property was acquired by the National Park Service which opened it to the public in 2017. It is operated in conjunction with the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>As of January 2023, the site has been closed due to a "full renovation project" and is expected to be reopened in the fall of 2023.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bronson State Park is a state park off of Kittson County Highway 28 East near Lake Bronson in the northwestern corner of Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The park is now dominated by Lake Bronson, and represents a transition between prairie and forest which supports a variety of wildlife. Thousands of years ago the area was covered by Glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz retreated in stages leaving gravel ridges along a generally flat terrain. Streams quietly cut through these ridges and the dam that created Lake Bronson is blocking one of these ridges along the South Branch of the Two Rivers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kittson County has no natural lakes, which is unusual for Minnesota. In the early 1930s, during the Great Depression, Kittson County was going through a drought. Local officials decided to build a reservoir on the South Branch of Two Rivers near the city of Bronson. Supporters lobbied the state and federal government to fund the project, and in 1936, funding was finally made available. By this time, the plan had evolved into a recreation area in addition to the reservoir. Kittson County was lacking in recreation facilities, and officials realized that county residents and tourists would appreciate a park.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the reservoir started in April 1936 with crews from the Works Progress Administration. It was difficult to find a stable bedrock foundation for the dam, so crews needed to squeeze water from the "quicksand" foundation. Pumps were used to pull water from the quicksand while the dam was built. Since the sand would get wet and soft again, the pumps were not a permanent solution. Rather, the dam was designed with ten seepage pipes that drain into a drainage tunnel passing through the dam&#39;s three spillways. The dam, completed in June 1937, created a 325 acre reservoir and was well received by local residents.</p><br>
<p>The land surrounding the new reservoir was designated a state park, and several fieldstone structures were built. The most prominent of these was a 45 ft hexagonal stone water tower. Other structures, such as an office, a garage, a picnic shelter, and bathing facilities followed. In 1939, the city of Bronson renamed itself "Lake Bronson" to commemorate the new reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The park is now a prime recreational destination in northwest Minnesota, visited by tourists from North Dakota and southern Canada as well as Minnesotans. Fishing, swimming, canoeing, and water skiing are popular on the lake, and snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are enjoyed during the winter. The park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The park is continually mentioned in David Robbins&#39; Endworld series of books, as it is the home of the Family (the main characters in the Series) known as The Home.</p><br>
<p>Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park is a historical site preserving an 1895 alternating current  hydroelectric power station—one of the first in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Before the Folsom powerhouse was built nearly all electric power houses were using direct current (DC) generators powered by steam engines located within a very few miles of where the power was needed. The use of rushing water to generate hydroelectric power and then transmitting it long distances to where it could be used was not initially economically feasible as long as the electricity generated was low-voltage direct current. Once it was invented, AC power made it feasible to convert the electrical power to high voltage by using the newly invented transformers and to then economically transmit the power long distances to where it was needed. Lower voltage electrical power, which is much easier and safer to use, could be easily gotten by using transformers to convert the high voltage power to lower voltages near where it was being used. DC power cannot use a transformer to change its voltage. The Folsom Powerhouse, using part of the American Rivers rushing water to power its turbines connected to newly invented AC generators, generated three phase 60 cycle AC electricity (the same thats used today in the United States) that was boosted by newly invented transformers from 800 volts as generated to 11,000 volts and transmitted to Sacramento over a 22 mi (35 km)-long distribution line, one of the longest electrical distribution lines in the United States at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Introduction</h2><br>
<p>In Sacramento the 11,000 volts AC power was transformed down to a lower voltage near where it was needed for use. The Folsom Powerhouse was one of the first examples of significant electrical power being generated and economically shipped to where it could be used. Hydroelectric power had been demonstrated as a viable source of economical power despite being located a significant distances from the users. The Folsom Powerhouse is located 23 mi above Sacramento on the American River in the city of Folsom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The power station remained in operation until 1952 when the original Folsom dam across the American River was destroyed to make way for the new much larger Folsom Dam. The powerhouse was shut down after 57 years of continuous operation. Pacific Gas and Electric, who bought the original hydroelectric plant in 1902, donated the plant and most of its equipment to the State of California when the new Folsom Dam and hydroelectric plant was built. The State of California designated the site as California Historical Landmark Number #633. The 35 acre historic park was established in 1956. The powerhouse was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1981. The two-story brick and granite Powerhouse looks much as it did in 1895. Its imposing generators, and the Tennessee marble-faced control switchboard stand as imposingly as they did more than a hundred years ago. Historic photos, interpretive exhibits and docent guided tours by the California State Park Service explain how the powerhouse worked. Some of the original water turbines, generators, etc. are still in place.</p><br>
<p>Before AC electric generators and the newly invented transformers were invented only DC electrical generators could be used to generate electrical power and they were restricted by their low voltage requirements to economically transmitting power for only a few miles. Too much power was lost in transmission at low voltage for long-distance power transmission to be practical. This meant the original power stations were restricted (at that time) to local steam generating plants built right in each local neighborhood. Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States. It was located at 255-257 Pearl Street in downtown Manhattan on a site measuring 50 by 100 feet (15 by 30 m), just south of Fulton Street. It began with one direct current generator powered by a coal burning steam engine, and it started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 incandescent lamps used by 85 customers located within about 2 mi of the station.</p><br>
<p>However, with the advent of AC, there came the use of transformers to convert the generated power to a much higher voltage for transmission allowed the power plants and users to be separated by hundreds of miles if needed. The high voltage could then use transformers to obtain lower voltages for final use. Single point failures were minimized in the plant design. The AC generators and their associated water turbines were so large that they could not be shipped by rail and were shipped 19,000 mi around Cape Horn by ship. Only two of the four alternating current generators were operating on July 13, 1895, when the powerhouse provided the first electricity to Sacramento via 22 mi of transmission lines, making it one of the first places in the United States to transmit long-distance hydroelectric power. The Folsom power plant predates Niagara Falls Adams power House generating AC electrical transmission for local use and shipment to Buffalo, New York in 1897. The International Electro-Technical Exhibition - 1891 in Frankfurt am Main Germany demonstrated an earlier instance of long distance AC transmission of hydroelectric power. Westinghouse Electric Company and General Electric were in a race to develop better equipment and bring it to the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Water supply</h2><br>
<p>The water for the original Folsom hydroelectric plant was obtained from a diversion dam, 650 ft long, 24 ft wide at the top; 87 ft wide at the bottom and 89 ft tall, across the American River built in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The dam diverted a large stream of water into a 2.5 mi long diversion canal—the East Canal. This canal was 50 ft wide and 8 ft deep, carrying about 85,000 ft&sup3; of water per minute. The canal paralleled the river but sloped much less steeply gradually getting about 85 ft above the river. The dam and canal were completed in 1893 under the direction of Horatio Gates Livermore who originally thought to use the power of the falling water to power a sawmill. Livermore utilized in part contracted prison labor from the nearby Folsom State Prison to help build the dam and canal. The geometry of the canal forebay and the American River gave the Folsom power plant a Hydraulic head of water of about 85 ft (about 70 ft was usable) before its water was discharged back into the American River. Initially only about 35 ft of this hydraulic head was used. The water from the canal ended in a forebay where water borne debris was separated from the water and it was fed into four large 8 ft penstocks and two smaller penstocks. All penstocks had water gates that could be closed to turn the water off on any turbine for maintenance. The AC generators, some of the largest designed and built up to that time, were powered via four penstocks full of rushing water driving four large turbines.</p><br>
<h2>Turbines</h2><br>
<p>The four large water turbines, some of the largest built up to that time, were made by S. Morgan Smith Works of York, Pennsylvania. There were two small penstocks plus turbines for the two DC generators.</p><br>
<p>Rushing water from the American River passing through four large water turbines powered the four AC generators and two more turbines powered smaller DC generators.</p><br>
<h2>Governors</h2><br>
<p>The four large turbines were connected directly to the alternating current generators and their speed controlled by adjusting the water flow, with a centrifugal governor, to obtain 300 shaft rpm—needed to generate a steady 60 cycle current.</p><br>
<h2>Alternators</h2><br>
<p>The four alternating current generators are some of the most powerful rotating armature 3-phase machines ever built.</p><br>
<p>Newly invented by Elihu Thomson, they weighed almost 30 tons each (57,887 pounds) and were 8.5 ft. These original AC generators used many DC generator components in their first design. The 750-kilowatt (1,005 horsepower) alternating current generators were made in the newly incorporated General Electric plant in Schenectady, New York.</p><br>
<p>The alternators had rotating armatures with 216 radial 4 inch slots formed into the perimeter. Each slot holds two insulated 3 1/2 foot rectangular inductive bars of related phase, an inner circle of 216 bars and an outside circle of 216 bars. The induction bars are twice bent into offsets in the same direction. The middle of the bar has a straight section 3 feet long, to get from the front of the rotor to the back. The inner circle of bars is connected to the outer circle by small conductive jumper blocks on the front and back of the rotor. The rotor&#39;s three phases are connected to six branch circuits. Each of the six branch circuits make their way three times progressively around the rotor in right hand flattened spirals.</p><br>
<p>Supplying power for the 24 stator (non-rotating) field coil magnets on the AC generators was a small direct current generator with another DC generator in standby mode for immediate substitution if needed. If one DC generator failed or needed maintenance the other one could be used.</p><br>
<p>All four AC generators power were connected to each other, when long-term demand increased and it was found that tying generators together improved frequency control, by synchronizing action.</p><br>
<h2>Switch panel</h2><br>
<p>To allow customers to use electric clocks regulated by synchronous motors, a Frequency "Indicator" was added to the Powerhouse switchboard.</p><br>
<p>File:Alternator Frequency Meter.JPGFolsom Powerhouse Frequency Indicator</p><br>
<p>To allow parallel alternators and power grid, a Synchroscope was added to the Switch Panel.</p><br>
<h2>Transmission lines</h2><br>
<p>The AC power generated (about 4,020 horse power or 3 MW) at the Folsom hydroelectric facility was converted to 11,000 volts at the power plant by twelve new (in 1895) air cooled transformers invented by William Stanley, Jr. and transmitted to Sacramento on twelve bare #1 AVG copper wires held by ceramic insulators that were attached to the cross beams mounted on two sets of 40 ft cedar poles. The multiple wires allowed four independent three phase lines to be used. This allowed for repairs, maintenance and new installations without shutting the whole system down. The poles were planted about 105 ft apart to string the power lines. Telephone lines were run beneath the power lines. Once in Sacramento the high voltage power was shipped near where it was going to be used and transformed down to a lower voltage for use—the same as electrical power is shipped and used today. By 1895 almost 900 electric street railways and nearly 11,000 miles (18,000 km) of track had been built in the United States and they were then one of the main users of electrical energy. Direct current electric motors, as used on electrical streetcars, were restricted in use to being only a few miles from the DC generators. DC power, despite its restrictions, had become very useful. A rotary converter, a type of motor generator, was used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) for railway electrification from an AC power source. Factories were also heavy power users.</p><br>
<p>Transforming AC voltages up to high voltages for long-distance transmission and down to lower voltages at locations close to their use was a very attractive way to get access to a new source of power. Improvements in transformer design allowed the original air cooled transformers at the Folsom powerhouse to be replaced in 1900 with more efficient oil cooled transformers.</p><br>
<p>The alternating current electric induction motor was independently introduced in 1888 by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, by 1895 was beginning to allow electrical power to replace steam as a power source. The induction motor allowed alternating current to be used directly without any conversions. The first heavy AC motor users were various factories which typically replaced their steam power plants. Alternating current electrical power and its easy conversion with transformers from low to high voltage and back to low voltage made possible the widespread electrical grids we routinely use today for a myriad of tasks.</p><br>
<p>On September 9, 1895, the new power provided by the powerhouse was celebrated in a "Grand Electric Carnival" decorating the Sacramento state capital with thousands of light bulbs to celebrate the 45th anniversary of California statehood.</p><br>
<h2>Lower powerhouse</h2><br>
<p>A second powerhouse was constructed below the original facility in 1897 to house an additional 750-kilowatt AC generator to meet the growing residential and public transit electricity demands of Sacramento. This generator was separated from the turbine turning it by about a 20 ft rope belt pulley system. As new uses and users for electricity increased, by the early 1900s the demand for electricity in Sacramento and its adjacent cities had out-paced the capacity of the expanded Folsom Powerhouse. Larger hydroelectric plants and dams were built along the Yuba, Feather, and Tuolumne Rivers in order to provide power for Northern California. The San Francisco-based California Gas and Electric Company bought the Folsom Powerhouse by 1902. When the company was reorganized into the Pacific Gas and Electric Company in 1906, it retooled the powerhouse and forebay.</p><br>
<p>Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army installation north of Leavenworth, Kansas. It was officially established in 1862, but was used as a burial ground as early as 1844, and was one of the twelve original United States National Cemeteries designated by Abraham Lincoln. The cemetery is the resting place of nine Medal of Honor recipients, but most are the less famous casualties of war. It was named for Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth, who was re-interred there in 1902 from Woodland Cemetery in Delhi, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it occupies approximately 36.1 acre and was site to over 22,00 interments, as of 2020. It is maintained by Leavenworth National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On July 17, 1862, Congress enacted legislation that authorized the purchase of cemetery grounds to be used "for soldiers who shall have died in the service of the country". By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been buried in 73 national cemeteries. Most of the cemeteries were located near former battlefields or what were once war time camps. Fort Leavenworth National cemetery was one of the largest, at 36.1 acres. The Leavenworth cemetery was also closely associated with the Western Branch National Military Home, "old soldiers&#39; home" (now VA Eisenhower Medical Center) and became a National Cemetery in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Due to military tradition, the cemetery was originally divided into burial areas for enlisted personnel and a separate area for officers, but in 1858 the remains were re-interred into a single site. In the years following the Civil War, the bodies of Union soldiers from Kansas City, Kansas and Independence, Missouri, were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. In addition, the cemetery was used as the burial ground for soldiers who served at frontier posts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. By 1870, there were more than 1,000 Union soldiers interred at Fort Leavenworth, along with approximately 170 civilians and 7 Confederate prisoners of war. After the Indian Wars, between 1885 and 1907 many of the western Army outposts were vacated and as many as 2,000 remains were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth.</p><br>
<p>Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Captain Harry Bell (1860–1938), for action in the Philippine–American War</p><br>
<p>Captain Thomas W. Custer (1845–1876), brother of George Armstrong Custer, two time recipient – first for action at the Battle of Namozine Church, and second for action at the Battle of Sayler&#39;s Creek, both during the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Navy Lt. Commander William E. Hall (1913–1996), for action in World War II</p><br>
<p>Corporal John Kile (1846–1870), for action in the Indian Wars</p><br>
<p>Private Fitz Lee (1866–1899), for action in the Spanish–American War</p><br>
<p>Corporal George Miller (1851–1888), for action in the Indian Wars (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>Private Edward Pengally (1824–1874), for action in the Indian Wars</p><br>
<p>First Sergeant Joseph Robinson (1850–1874), for action in the Indian Wars</p><br>
<p>Private Albert D. Sale (1850–1874), for action in the Indian Wars</p><br>
<p>1st Sergeant Jacob Widmer (1845–1880), for action in the Indian Wars</p><br>
<p>Other Army officers</p><br>
<p>Brigader General William Dorrance Beach (1856–1932), career officer and author</p><br>
<p>Lt. Colonel David Hillhouse Buel (1839–1870), Chief of Ordnance of the Army of the Tennessee</p><br>
<p>First Lieutenant James Calhoun (1845–1876), Commander, L Company, 7th Cavalry; brother in law of Lt. Col. George Armstong Custer, killed in action at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan (1830–1854), officer whose poor judgment led to the Grattan Massacre</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Edward Hatch (1832–1889), commander of the Buffalo Soldier 9th Cavalry Regiment</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth (1783–1834), namesake of Fort Leavenworth</p><br>
<p>Major General William F. Sharp (1885–1947), commander of the ill-fated Visayan-Mindanao Force and Japanese POW</p><br>
<p>Captain Algernon Smith (1842–1876), 7th Cavalry Regiment officer who died at Little Bighorn</p><br>
<p>Captain George Wilhelmus Mancius Yates (1843–1876), 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstong Custer, killed in action at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana</p><br>
<p>Alexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery, of approximately 5.5 acre, located in the city of Alexandria, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it is one of the original national cemeteries that were established in 1862. As of 2014, it was site to over 4,500 interments. The cemetery can accommodate the cremated remains of eligible individuals.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As one of the original national cemeteries, it served as the burial grounds for mostly Union soldiers who died in the numerous hospitals around the Alexandria area, but by 1864 it was almost filled to capacity. This led to the development of the Arlington National Cemetery. The remains of 39 Confederates, originally buried in the cemetery during the Civil War, were disinterred by the Daughters of the Confederacy in 1879. The remains were reinterred in Christ Church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Alexandria National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, four civilian members of the Alexandria Fire Department were among twenty men hired by the Union Army&#39;s Quartermaster Corp to man the Black Diamond canal barge on the Potomac River. As part of the manhunt for John Wilkes Booth, the Black Diamond was to patrol the river stopping any vessels that could be attempting to transport Booth across the Potomac into Virginia.</p><br>
<p>As the Black Diamond was anchored around midnight, April 23, 1865 it was struck by the USS Massachusetts. The four civilian firefighters, Peter Carroll, Christopher Farley, Samuel Gosnell, and George Huntington, died as a result of the collision. As they were in service to their country, they were bestowed the honor of being buried alongside Union soldiers in Alexandria National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Alexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Pineville, in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. It occupies approximately 8 acre, and is site to over 10,000 interments as of the end of 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1867, an 8 acre plot was appropriated from a local resident to establish the Alexandria National Cemetery. It was originally intended as a place to bury Union soldiers who died in the area during the Civil War, but later, remains from Mount Pleasant, Cheneyville, Yellow Bayou, and Fort Brown, Texas, were re-interred in Alexandria. Of approximately 1378 Civil War burials, 507 are known and 871 are unknown.</p><br>
<p>Alexandria National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Sputnik Monroe (1928–2006), professional wrestler</p><br>
<p>Patsy Flaherty (1876-1968), professional baseball player</p><br>
<p>US Representative Gillis William Long (1923–1985)</p><br>
<p>Major Jacob Brown (1778–1846), for whom Fort Brown, Texas is named</p><br>
<p>John J. Williams (American Civil War) (1843–1865), the last soldier killed in the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Civil War Union Army Captain Ira W. Claflin (1834–1867)</p><br>
<p>There are fifty-seven Buffalo Soldiers interred at the Alexandria National Cemetery</p><br>
<p>There are 5 German POWs interred at The Alexandria National Cemetery</p><br>
<h2>New interments</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is closed to new interments. Exceptions to this include subsequent interments for veterans or eligible family members in an existing gravesite. Cemetery policy allows for first-come, first-served waitlist to eligible veterans if burial space becomes available due to a canceled reservation or when a disinterment has been completed.</p><br>
<p>Camp Butler National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located a few miles northeast of Springfield and a few miles southwest of Riverton, a small town nearby to Springfield, in Sangamon County, Illinois. It was named for the Illinois State Treasurer at the time of its establishment, William Butler. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it occupies approximately 53 acre, and is the site of 19,825 interments as of the end of 2005. Camp Butler National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Camp Butler was the second largest military training camp in Illinois, second only to Camp Douglas in Chicago. After President Lincoln&#39;s call for troops in April, 1861, the USA War Department sent then Brigadier-General William T. Sherman to Springfield, Illinois, to meet with Governor Richard Yates for the purpose of selecting a suitable site for a training facility.</p><br>
<p>Since Governor Yates was unfamiliar with the land around Springfield, the state capital of Illinois, he enlisted the aid of then-State Treasurer William Butler, who along with Ozias M. Hatch, Secretary of State of Illinois, took a carriage ride with William T. Sherman to examine land about 5 and 1/2 miles northeast of downtown Springfield. An area near Riverton, Illinois (then known as "Jimtown", short for Jamestown) was selected, and named in honor of William Butler. A Union training facility was officially established there on August 2, 1861. By the war&#39;s end, over 200,000 Union troops would pass through Camp Butler.</p><br>
<p>Along with the soldiers who fought on both sides of the Civil War, veterans who lost their lives in the Spanish–American War, both World War I and World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War are also buried at Camp Butler. There are also German and Korean prisoners of war buried there, relocated from a cemetery near Indianapolis, Indiana.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Originally the camp was designed to train and "muster-in" Illinois troops for the Civil War. It was quickly pressed into service to house the approximately 2,000 Confederate soldiers who had been taken prisoner at the surrender of Fort Donelson, in Tennessee on February 16, 1862.</p><br>
<p>An area was set aside for the burial of Confederate prisoners of war who died at the camp. As many as 700 prisoners died in 1862 when smallpox and other diseases were rampant in the camp. The situation was aggravated by the poor living conditions the prisoners endured there, and they were interred in the cemetery in their own Confederate section. A total of 866 Confederate prisoner&#39;s graves can be found today in the National Cemetery. The Confederate graves are easily distinguishable by the pointed headstones, which were instituted under the superstition that it was a means of preventing the devil from sitting on their graves. They are buried side by side with 776 graves of Union soldiers and enlistees, making a total of 1,642 Civil War graves.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Seaman John H. Catherwood (1888–1930), Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Philippine–American War</p><br>
<p>Jack D. Davis (1935–2018), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Frank S. Dickson (1876–1953), US Representative</p><br>
<p>Colonel Otis B. Duncan (1873–1937), highest ranking African American officer during World War I</p><br>
<p>Ray Ramsey (1921–2009), professional football player</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery within Woodlawn Cemetery, which is in the city of Elmira, in Chemung County, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 10.5 acre, and as of 2021, had over 11,000 interred remains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1861, Camp Rathbun, near the town of Elmira, was established as a training camp at the beginning of the Civil War. As the Union troops who trained there were sent to their respective assignments, the camp emptied and in 1864 it was turned into the Elmira Prison prisoner-of-war camp. The facilities were not adequate to house the thousands of Confederate prisoners, and many succumbed to exposure, malnutrition, and smallpox and were subsequently interred at the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The USA government erected the Shohola Monument in 1911 to commemorate a tragic railroad accident that took the lives of both Confederate and Union soldiers during the Civil War in 1864.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument by sculptor Frederick Sievers in memory of those Confederate prisoners of war who died while imprisoned in Elmira.</p><br>
<p>Brightwood Beach Cottage is an historic octagonal building on the southern shore of Lake Ripley in Litchfield, Minnesota, United States, that once was a part of the Brightwood Beach Resort of the late nineteenth century. The resort opened in 1889, and it offered cultural amenities such as concerts, classes in fine arts, and other live entertainment. Other summer activities included dancing, ball games, and canoeing and steamboat excursions on Lake Ripley. The Minnesota Editorial Association, in a report at the time, called Brightwood "the most lovely spot in Minnesota" and a "gem of a lake with pebbly shores and blue as the vaults of heaven." Thousands of people visited the resort, many of them wealthy individuals pictured in suits and fancy dresses, but the resort was not financially successful. In 1893, the resort was forced to close, a victim of the Panic of 1893 and competition from resorts to the north that became accessible by railroad.</p><br>
<p>On May 22, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall in Litchfield, Minnesota is one of many original and authentic Grand Army of the Republic halls remaining in the United States. Built in 1885 for the Frank Daggett GAR Post No. 35, it is one of four remaining GAR halls in Minnesota. On May 21, 1975, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Meeker County Historical Society Museum building was added to the rear of it in 1960, but the Hall was left exactly as it was when the "Boys of &#39;61", as they called themselves, met there 75 years earlier in 1885.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the Civil War, twenty-seven veterans from Minnesotas Meeker County founded a chapter of the Grand Army of the Republic, a service organization begun in Illinois in 1866 by Dr. B. F. Stephenson. Meeker Countys original organization was called the Edward Branham Post. The membership was limited to honorably discharged veterans of the Union Army, Navy, Marine Corps and the Revenue Cutter Service who had served between April 12, 1861, and April 9, 1865. With a motto of "Fraternity, Charity and Loyalty", the organization&#39;s purpose was to maintain fellowship for the men who fought to preserve the Union and to help handicapped veterans and the widows and orphans of veterans.</p><br>
<p>A new Post was started in July 1883. It was named after Lt. Frank E. Daggett, the Post&#39;s ranking member and later a Grand Commander of the Minnesota GAR. He had been actively associated with abolitionist John Brown and the commander of two all-black heavy artillery regiments during the Civil War. Daggett, who was only five feet six inches in height and weighed nearly two hundred and fifty pounds, came to Meeker County in 1872 and was the editor of the Litchfield Ledger, one of the earliest newspapers in the county. He died at the age of 39 in 1876.</p><br>
<p>The Post met in the old county courthouse, which was next to the Howard House hotel on Sibley Avenue. The hotel has since been torn down. A meeting hall was needed to accommodate the local membership, which had grown to one hundred and forty veterans. A suitable lot by Central Park was bought from Reuben S. Hershey. Henry Ames, a post member and owner of a brickyard northeast of Litchfield, donated the bricks to build the hall. Construction began in early 1885. The total cost was $5000. The hall was finished in the late fall and was dedicated on November 14, 1885. Shortly after the dedication, the members deeded the Memorial Hall, as they called it, to the Village of Litchfield with the condition that it be kept "as is" as a memorial to the Veterans of the Civil War and be opened to the public for reading. It became the first public library in Meeker County.</p><br>
<p>The city has kept the meeting room as it was at the last meeting. In that meeting room there are large portraits on the north wall of most of the original members and the same chairs that were used by them in 1885. At their first meeting, the members brought their own chairs from their homes to the Hall. So all the chairs, now painted gray, are different from each other, but generally just ordinary kitchen table chairs. The original organ is also there along with other original furniture.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the Post was given an oak log from the actual Acton cabin where five members of the Jones family became the first settlers killed in the Dakota Indian War of 1862, previously called the Sioux Uprising. It was taken to a sawmill in Forest City and made into lumber from which an altar, in the center of the room, and a gavel, which were both used during the meetings, were made. The altar is 32 ½ inches square and 36 inches high. It has a cushioned top covered with heavy leather. In the northwest corner of the meeting room is a miniature model of the Jones cabin and it was also made from wood from that log.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War cannons on the front lawn have been brought inside the Hall and displayed near the entrance. The entrance room, with a guest book, is a Civil War museum in its own right with tall glass showcases displaying rifles, uniforms, flags and other Civil War artifacts, such as munitions, medals and ribbons. The hall actually had many more artifacts but it was broken into several years ago and many of the Civil War rifles were taken.</p><br>
<p>GAR members started the celebration of Memorial Day in 1868. W. A. Olmstead, who died in 1933, was the last Civil War veteran and GAR member to live in Litchfield. Albert H. DeLong was the last Meeker County veteran. He died on February 10, 1936. He was an Indian scout. He and Vincent Coombs went to Acton after the Jones familys massacre to bury the bodies and pursue the Indians into Kandiyohi Woods. The last GAR member in the United States was Albert Woolson, from Duluth, Minnesota, who died in 1956. One member of Litchfields GAR was unusual, at least for that very Scandinavian town. He was black and his name was Allison or Albert Van Spence.</p><br>
<h2>Meeker County Historical Museum</h2><br>
<p>The GAR Hall serves as the entrance to the Meeker County Historical Museum. Many visitors come to do genealogical research in the museum. It has county plat books, records of obituaries, lists of cemetery markers and many old local newspapers. There are many artifacts from the pioneer days of the county, including an actual 1868 log cabin that is accessible. Upstairs is a replica of pioneer O. A. Jacobson&#39;s Crow River Store. The entire downtown of Litchfield, between Depot Street and Third Street, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The GAR Hall and the museum are open to the public Tuesday through Saturday 10 AM to 4 PM. Admission is $3.00 and children 12 and under are free. Litchfield is located at the intersection of Highways 12 and 22, about sixty-five miles straight west of Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>Public Square is the central plaza of Downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Based on an 18th-century New England model, it was part of the original 1796 town plat overseen by city founder General Moses Cleaveland of the Connecticut Land Company. The historical center of the city&#39;s downtown, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The 9.5 acre square is centered on the former intersection of Superior Avenue and Ontario Street. Clevelands four tallest buildings, Key Tower, Huntington, Sherwin Williams, and the Terminal Tower, face the square. Other landmarks adjacent to Public Square include the 1855 Old Stone Church and the former Higbees department store made famous in the 1983 film A Christmas Story, which has been occupied by the Jack Cleveland Casino since 2012.</p><br>
<p>Originally designed as four separate squares bisected by Superior Avenue and Ontario Street, the square was redeveloped in 2016 by the city into a more pedestrian-friendly environment by routing most traffic around the square. The section of Ontario Street through the square was removed, while the section of Superior Avenue was rebuilt to only allow buses with stops for multiple bus lines of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. The northern half of the square is mostly green space and includes a statue to reformist mayor Tom L. Johnson. The southern half is mostly a paved plaza area with a cafe and water feature adjacent to the 125 ft Soldiers and Sailors Monument and a statue of Moses Cleaveland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Public Square was part of the Connecticut Land Companys original plan for the city, which were overseen by Moses Cleaveland in the 1790s. The square is signature of the layout for early New England towns, which Cleveland was modeled after. While it initially served as a common pasture for settlers animals, less than a century later Public Square was the height of modernity, when in 1879 it became the first street in the world to be lit with electric street lights, arc lamps designed by Cleveland native Charles F. Brush. The square was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1975.</p><br>
<p>A parking lot now faces the northwest quadrant of the square. A 12-story building, which was built on the spot in 1913, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the new Ameritrust Center, an 1,197 ft skyscraper designed by New York&#39;s Kohn Pedersen Fox. Before construction began, Ameritrust was acquired by Society Bank, which was also planning to construct and subsequently relocate to a new building on Public Square—Key Tower (formerly known as Society Center). Because Society did not need two skyscrapers, plans for the Ameritrust building across the square were scrapped.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings that face the square include 55 Public Square (1958), 75 Public Square (1915), the Society for Savings Building (1890), Metzenbaum Courthouse (1910), the former May Company department store (1914), the Park Building (1903), and the Hotel Cleveland (1918). The demolished Cuyahoga Building (1893) and Williamson Building (1900) formerly stood on the site of 200 Public Square.</p><br>
<p>Public Square is often the site of political rallies and civic functions, including a free annual Independence Day concert by the Cleveland Orchestra. At the Balloonfest &#39;86, close to 1.5 million balloons rose up from Public Square, engulfing the Terminal Tower and setting a world record.</p><br>
<h3>2010s renovation</h3><br>
<p>In collaboration with landscape architect James Corner, the city in 2009 began to explore concepts for a redesign of the square. In October 2011, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson proposed his plan to redevelop the square, which included closing Superior Avenue and Ontario Street to create a large green space in the center. On October 23, 2014, the Cleveland Landmarks Commission approved a plan which closed Ontario Street but kept Superior Avenue open to bus traffic, and kept the Soldiers and Sailors Monument prominent.</p><br>
<p>The project began construction on March 9, 2015, and was officially opened on June 30, 2016. Public Square&#39;s development was showcased during the Cleveland Cavaliers championship parade as a welcome sight with much of the construction materials removed to display the renovation. At first, buses did not run along Superior Avenue as planned, but in order to avoid a $12 million repayment of grants to the Federal Transit Administration, the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority agreed to run buses along it by March 2017. The city installed jersey barriers along Superior Avenue due to fears of terrorism, contrary to the original design. These barriers were removed on March 25, 2024.</p><br>
<p>An episode of NBC&#39;s American Ninja Warrior was held in Public Square and aired in July 2017 A privately operated cafe, Rebol, located in the southwestern area of Public Square, opened in July 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Road</h3><br>
<p>Public Square is bounded by East Roadway and West Roadway at the western and eastern ends and by Rockwell Avenue and South Roadway at the northern and southern ends.</p><br>
<p>In total, ten USA and state routes meet at Public Square. It is the northern terminus of SR 3, SR 8, and SR 43; the western terminus of US 322, US 422, SR 14, and SR 87; and the northeastern terminus of US 42. US 6 passes through the square on Superior, and US 20 enters from the west on Superior and leaves via Euclid Avenue. US 21 also terminated at Public Square until that route was truncated to Marietta in 1967.</p><br>
<h3>Public transit</h3><br>
<p>Public Square is adjacent to the Tower City transit station, served by three RTA rail lines. The HealthLine, a bus rapid transit line that travels along Euclid Avenue, terminates at Public Square.</p><br>
<h2>Historical events and popular culture</h2><br>
<p>On April 28, 1865, the casket of President Abraham Lincoln was on public view in Public Square during his body&#39;s trip back to Illinois.</p><br>
<p>On the evening of April 29, 1879, Charles F. Brush&#39;s new streetlights lit up Public Square for the first time utilizing a generator situated near the square itself.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, President James A. Garfield lies in state in Public Square following his death</p><br>
<p>In 2011, Public Square was transformed into a beer garden and street scene in Stuttgart, Germany, for the filming of The Avengers.</p><br>
<p>Public Square was used as a filming location for James Gunn&#39;s Superman in July 2024.</p><br>
<p>Zion Lodge is located in Zion National Park, Utah, United States. The lodge was designed in 1924 as a compromise solution between its developer, the Utah Parks Company, which wanted a large hotel, and National Park Service director Stephen Mather, who desired smaller-scale development. The Utah Parks Company had been formed in 1923 as a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, and was, like many similar programs, intended to stimulate passenger rail traffic to the national parks of southwest Utah.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert Stanley Underwood designed the Zion Lodge as part of a series of similar structures for the Utah Parks Company at the north rim of the Grand Canyon and at Bryce Canyon National Park. Underwood&#39;s design was more modest in scale and detailing than those at the Grand Canyon and Bryce, substituting milled lumber for whole logs in a "studs-out" style. Underwood used less stonework, in smaller pieces. The structures were designed to be more in keeping with the character of the valley floor, which at the time of construction was still inhabited by settlers. Underwood would go on to design all of the Utah Parks Company buildings in the valley, many of which are included in the Zion Lodge Historic District, which surrounds the lodge.</p><br>
<p>A fire in 1966 destroyed the original lodge. It was rebuilt within 100 days, but the original rustic look was lost in favor of expedience in reopening the lodge. A 1990 remodel restored its original look.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main lodge building there are a number of original buildings that remain in the lodge complex. This includes guest cabins built in 1927 and 1929, employee dormitories built in 1927 and 1937, and a few support buildings. All were designed by Underwood.</p><br>
<p>On April 12, 1995, a landslide blocked the Virgin River downstream from the lodge. Over a period of two hours, the river had carved away 590 feet (180 m) of the only exit road from the canyon, trapping 450 guests and employees in the lodge. A one-lane temporary road was constructed within 24 hours to allow evacuation. Access to the lodge was restored on May 25, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Zion Lodge is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>West Point on the Eno is a city park and historical center covering 412 acre in Durham, Durham County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Several historical structures are conserved on the site:</p><br>
<p>West Point Mill - a reproduction colonial-era mill that is now a museum.</p><br>
<p>Hugh Mangum Museum of Photography - located in the restored tobacco packhouse, features historic photographs from the late 19th and early 20th century from negatives found in the packhouse, also historic camera equipment</p><br>
<p>McCown-Mangum House - home to one of the mill&#39;s owners, restored 1850s farmhouse with late 19th-century furnishings, open for tours</p><br>
<p>Other facilities include:</p><br>
<p>Amphitheatre - includes a large open field, lawn seating, stage, electricity, water, parking</p><br>
<p>5 miles of trails</p><br>
<p>Picnic facilities</p><br>
<p>Canoe access to the Eno River</p><br>
<p>Natural Play Space - a play area for children</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Eno Indians first used this area to fish, hunt, and grow crops. Arrowheads left behind by the tribe can still be found today.</p><br>
<p>When white settlers came to the area they noticed the springs that contained freshwater, which motivated them to invest in building mills across the area. The first mill built in the Eno was named Synott&#39;s Mill, which started operating in 1752 by Michael Synott, an almost legendary pioneer, who had problems in his personal life and appeared in court often. Shortly after Michael Synott died in 1780 the area was purchased by William Thetford and Charles Abercrombie, who built West Point Mill. While these mills were being produced a community began to build up and became known as West Point. The community was successful for a period of time but eventually all of its inhabitants died out or moved on. West Point Mill served its owners for 160 years until it was shut down by a paratrooper named Jacob Eller returning from the war in 1942, the last mill on the Eno to do so.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Rosson House, at 113 North 6th Street at the corner of Monroe Street in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona, is a historic house museum in Heritage Square. It was built between 1894 and 1895 in the Stick-Eastlake - Queen Anne Style of Victorian architecture and was designed by San Francisco architect A. P. Petit, his final design before his death. Named for Dr. Roland Lee Rosson and his wife Flora Murray Rosson, the house changed hands numerous times before being purchased by the City of Phoenix and restored to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This house is in the Stick-Eastlake Queen Anne Style of Victorian architecture. According to 19th century newspaper articles, it was designed by prominent San Francisco architect A. P. Petit. It would be his last house, as Petit died in the month of its completion. Controversy exists over the uniqueness of the design, since near exact plans for the house can be found in literature published prior, namely Design #1 as found in George Franklin Barber&#39;s Cottage Souvenir #2. The architecture displays numerous attributes contributed from different cultures, such as an Asian moon gate, Italianate hooded windows, and a French octagonal turret.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Roland Rosson came to Phoenix in 1879 where he established himself as a general physician and surgeon. Rosson practiced medicine on and off in Phoenix from 1879 until 1897. In addition to his career as a physician, Rosson was also involved in politics. In 1882 he was listed on the Democratic primary ticket. In 1884 he was elected Maricopa County coroner and public administrator. In 1890 he won the office of county treasurer. In 1892 he was elected for a second term and later unsuccessfully attempted to secure the Democratic nomination for sheriff. On May 7, 1895, Rosson was elected Mayor of Phoenix. He served as a Democrat in this unpaid position along with four Republican councilmen. Rosson&#39;s position as mayor was short lived. After difficulties with the city council, he resigned his office on April 6, 1896, before his term was over. Rosson appears to have stayed active in the political scene in Phoenix and his name appears in multiple issues of The Arizona Republic newspaper.</p><br>
<p>Roland Rosson married Flora B. Murray in Phoenix on August 11, 1880. The Rossons had a total of seven children – Irene, Vivien, Floy, Norma, and Clyde lived to adulthood. Their two other children died in infancy – their first son Roland Lloyd died at age five weeks, and an unnamed daughter died at birth.</p><br>
<p>In May 1882, Flora Rosson purchased Block 14 (now Heritage Square) in Phoenix, from Flora&#39;s half-sister, Margaret A. Richardson and her husband Mark P. Richardson for $1000. A newspaper article indicates that the Rossons spent $275 improving their residence in 1882, however the location of the residence is not noted. Prior to the construction of the Rosson House, it is likely that the Rossons lived on Block 14 in an adobe house. Sanborn maps indicate that the house was probably just south of the location of the new house.</p><br>
<p>In September 1894, several articles appeared in local papers requesting bids for a house designed by architect A. P. Petit for R.L. Rosson at the corner of Monroe and 6th Streets. Late in September, another article lists the bids on the house, including a bid of $7,525 from George E. Cisney who became the contractor for the house. By December a newspaper article indicates that the house was near completion.</p><br>
<p>In February 1895, an article in the Arizona Republic discussing the northeastern part of Phoenix notes that "The most expensive homes in the city – the Churchill, the Rosson, the Jacobs, the Murray and the Hine residences are in the immediate locality." March 16, 1895, is the first appearance of an ad for Dr. Rosson&#39;s office and residence listing the location as the corner of Monroe and Sixth streets.</p><br>
<p>The Rosson House was built with modern accommodations such as electric lights, hot and cold running water, an indoor upstairs bathroom, and a telephone. Other contemporary Victorian mansions on Monroe were similarly equipped – by 1892, Phoenix boasted electrical plants, a domestic water system, a gas system, and two competing telephone companies. The Phoenix street-car line ran down Monroe before turning north on Seventh Street, so the Rossons and other Monroe Street residents had only to walk out to board it.</p><br>
<p>The Rossons continued to own the home and the remainder of Block 14. However, during the winter of 1895-1896 and 1896–1897, the Rosson family rented their home to Whitelaw Reid, an influential Republican and head of the New York Tribune newspaper. No sources indicate where the Rosson family resided during that time. Reid had a lung condition and his doctors recommended he travel to Arizona for his health. The Reid family arrived at the Rosson House in November 1895, where he followed an open-air regimen. The Tribune was run from Phoenix by typed letters and telegraphs. Reids letters are an excellent primary source about the early Rosson House and life in Phoenix at the time. He also wrote editorials for papers like the Los Angeles Herald in which he advertised the benefits of Arizona and Phoenix. In 1896, the Reids rented both the Rosson House and Jerry Millays nearby house.</p><br>
<p>In June 1897, the Rossons sold their house and the north half of Block 14. The family moved to Los Angeles, California by July 27, 1897. The exact reasons for their move are unknown. Newspaper accounts suggest that the Rossons may have had financial difficulties. According to delinquent tax records listed in the newspapers in 1896 and 1897, both Roland and Flora owed back taxes. Renting their newly constructed house to Whitelaw Reid also suggests that the Rossons needed additional income. The family may also have moved for other reasons. Rosson&#39;s obituary in 1898 states that "…he removed with his family to Los Angeles on account of the educational advantages."</p><br>
<p>Little is known about Dr. Rossons brief time in Los Angeles. On May 12, 1898, after an illness of several weeks, Dr. Rosson died. Initially, his death was considered suspicious and possibly a suicide. Shortly before his death, Rosson had purchased life insurance from several different companies. An autopsy and subsequent coroners jury in Los Angeles ruled the death to be a result of gastroenteritis. Little else is known of Flora&#39;s life. She died in Los Angeles from "tubercular laryngitis" at age fifty-two on September 9, 1911. Her death certificate listed her occupation as "household duties."</p><br>
<h2>Other owners</h2><br>
<p>On June 3, 1897, Aaron Goldberg and his wife, Carrie, purchased the house and north half of Block 14 from the Rossons for $10,000. Aaron and Carrie Goldberg were a prominent Jewish couple in Phoenix. Aaron co-owned Goldberg&#39;s clothing store and was also engaged in political and civic activities. A member of the 19th and 20th Territorial Legislature, Goldberg wrote the bill that permanently located the capitol in Phoenix. He also served on the Phoenix City Council, the Board of Trade, and the Capitol Commission.The Goldberg children included Hazel, Selma and Chester (Chet), who, according to his obituary, was born in the Rosson House.</p><br>
<p>On September 7, 1904, the Goldbergs sold the house and property to "S. W." Higley. Steven W. Higley started out as a railroad builder, became a land owner and later was a partner in the Arizona Republic newspaper. Higley lived in the Rosson House with wife Jessie Freemont Howe, sons Thomas and James, as well as his daughter Jessie Jean. Later, both Thomas and James served in World War I. James died on the battlefield and Thomas returned home and went on to open Tom&#39;s Tavern in Phoenix. Jessie Jean went on to marry E. B. Lane. Much of the information known about the Higley family comes from several interviews conducted with daughter Jessie Jean Lane in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Higleys sold the Rosson House and portions of the larger lot to the Gammel family on August 22, 1914. The Gammel family owned and lived in the Rosson House longer than any other family. Earlier, William Gammel had been a gambler in Jerome, Arizona. In 1904, he married Francis Christopher, a Hispanic woman from Tucson. The couple had 3 daughters – Annie (b. 1906), Wilma (b. 1908), and Atlanta Georgia (b.1909). Gammel was a co-owner of the Capitol Saloon at 28–30 E. Washington. Shortly after buying the Rosson House, Prohibition became law in Arizona and it hurt Gammel&#39;s business. In the 1916 Phoenix City Directory, his business was called the Capitol Buffet and sold soft drinks. In 1919, Gammel was listed as an orange grower, and two years later, the Phoenix City Directory said Mrs. Frankie Gammel had furnished rooms available (in the Rosson House).</p><br>
<p>The Gammel family lived in the Rosson House until 1948 and ran a rooming/boarding house. To make the house better for renters, the Gammels made drastic changes to the house including walling in porches, subdividing floors and adding multiple kitchens and bathrooms. After 1948, the Rosson House changed hands multiple times and continued to operate as a rooming house, eventually becoming a "flop house" and falling into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>At the urging of Mayor John D. Driggs, the City of Phoenix purchased the Rosson House and the remainder of Block 14 in 1974. The Rosson House was restored through a community effort involving the City of Phoenix, dozens of local institutions and hundreds of volunteers.</p><br>
<h2>Other brick landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The Rosson House is an early example, though not the first, of a house in Phoenix constructed of fired brick and wood instead of adobe bricks. Brick was Petit&#39;s preferred building material. At least one local brick-making factory had previously been established, and some fine examples of early brick houses that predate the Rosson House include the mansion built in 1887 for John T. Dennis at 242 E. Monroe and its neighbor at 230 E. Monroe built for M. Jacobs. The John T. Dennis mansion was demolished in the 1950s. Additionally, there was the large house built for Columbus Gray in 1890, and the J.Y.T. Smith House at 5th St. and Adams reportedly dates from 1892. Almost all of the early hotels of Phoenix were made out of locally produced red bricks as well.</p><br>
<p>A number of smaller homes were built outside the city limits in the 1880s by J.J. Welty, and made out of poured concrete blocks made to look like hewn stone. There is also the mansion built by John T. Dennis&#39; neighbor Clark Churchill which later became the first home of Phoenix Union High School.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Heritage Square Foundation and Guild operates the restored Rosson House as a historic house museum in the city of Phoenix Heritage and Science Park and offers public tours.</p><br>
<p>The Metlar House, also known as the Knapp House, the Bodine House, or the Metlar–Bodine House, is an historic house, now museum, located along River Road in Piscataway, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>It is also believed to be haunted. In 2003 a fire badly damaged the house. The museum has undergone major renovations over the past decade and, as of Summer 2014, is once again open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Metlar–Bodine House&#39;s "Red, White, and Boom" Madeira wine tasting event on July 6, 2014, kicked off its campaign to raise money to build a new educational wing to house the historically significant Ross Hall Wall.</p><br>
<p>In July 1778, George Washington headquarters were at Ross Hall and his 11,000 patriots camped along the Raritan River in Piscataway. It was there that General Washington wrote the first order for the United States Army to celebrate the 4th of July – a tradition that continues to this day. The troops were ordered to march across the river on Landing Lane Bridge, line the banks of the Raritan in New Brunswick, and shoot their rifles down and up the line in the first organized salute to the nation&#39;s independence. They were then given an extra ration of rum and that evening the General had a party for officers (including Alexander Hamilton, the Marquis de Lafayette and Baron Von Stuben) and their ladies at Ross Hall. The building was destroyed in the 1960s but because of its significance, a parlor wall was saved and was exhibited at the New Jersey Historical Society until it was given to the Township and the Metlar–Bodine House in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the parlor wall is dismantled and stored in a large warehouse owned by Piscataway Township. The wall must be restored and relocated to a facility that is climate controlled and protected. It is estimated that the wall&#39;s restoration and an addition to the Metlar–Bodine House will cost close to $1 million.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1700s, Raritan Landing, New Jersey had 70 homes belonging to Dutch merchants. In 1728 Peter Bodine, who owned a storehouse, built a two-story house near the Raritan River. In 1733 he sold his house to Hendrick Lane (?-1761). After Lane&#39;s death in 1761 this widow, Margaret lived in the house, but in 1780 she sold the property to William French, the son of a sea captain. Isaac Lawrence bought the house from French in 1814. In 1840, William Phillips was the owner and he added an addition to the house. In 1853 Samuel Knapp purchased the house and 220 acre of the property, and he may have added a second addition to the house around 1870.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, the house was owned by George Metlar, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. He used it to house his property manager, John Mason. Metlar&#39;s son John moved to the home with his wife in 1904 and shared it with the Mason. In 1914 John Metler inherited the property. John sold some of the land and in 1955 sold the house and the remaining 0.73 acre to John P. Newton.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 the state of New Jersey purchased the property. They planned to use the property for the New Jersey Route 18 bridge to cross the Raritan River from New Brunswick, New Jersey to Piscataway, New Jersey. It is now owned by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 2003, a fire damaged the house.</p><br>
<h2>Recent Events</h2><br>
<p>07/06/14: "Red, White and Boom" Madeira wine-tasting event complete with a George Washington impersonator, a colonial dance troupe and a wide variety of catered hors d&#39;oeuvres (including Madeira-roasted clams, a pickelled vegetable bar and ham salad on grilled cornbread).</p><br>
<p>04/05/14: Spring annual auction dinner held at Rutgers University. Some of the items up for grabs were a Franklin mint coin set, the services of a professional sommelier and an exotic vacation getaway to Baja, Mexico!</p><br>
<h2>Annual Events</h2><br>
<p>Spring Annual Auction Dinner</p><br>
<p>Summer Annual Beer & Pretzel Potluck Picnic (members only)</p><br>
<p>Bi-annual Antiques River Road Show- Appraisal Fair & Book Sale</p><br>
<p>Fall Wine Tasting</p><br>
<p>Holiday Tea</p><br>
<p>Overbrook Farms is a neighborhood that is situated on the western edge of the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is roughly bounded by City Avenue , 58th Street, Woodbine Avenue, and 66th Street at Morris Park.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is bisected by Lancaster Avenue (USA Route 30) and the original Pennsylvania Railroad "main line". Today, the rail line is used by both Amtrak passenger service and SEPTA&#39;s commuter Paoli/Thorndale Line.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This region of Philadelphia and its suburbs were originally settled by Welsh immigrants, who purchased land from William Penn. Two of these farms contributed land for what became the Overbrook Farms neighborhood, which was developed beginning in 1892. The neighborhood is often incorrectly considered to be a sub-section of the larger and densely developed Overbrook neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Overbrook Farms was the first of several planned communities at were established along the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Overbrook Farms Company was the developer; its officers had links to directors of the Girard and Drexel banks and the Penn Railroad. This planned community includes some of the first residential projects by the first graduating class of the University of Pennsylvania&#39;s architectural program.</p><br>
<p>Overbrook Farms maintains the oldest continually operating neighborhood association in the United States, the Overbrook Farms Club (OFC). OFC sponsors an annual house tour each Spring. The neighborhood was designated as a National Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its description and statement of significance can be found at, Historic Districts. Overbrook Farms, Its Historical Background, Growth and Community Life (1936) by Tello J. d&#39;Apery, M.D. also provides a complete history of the area.</p><br>
<p>A more recent development of smaller homes with modern incursions, called Greenhill Farms, is not included within the historic district. This development extends from 66th Street to 72nd Street. Bordered on three sides by Morris Park and on the west by City Avenue, it includes some original mansions built on Wistar Morris gentlemans farm. The City Line Avenue Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Public libraries</h2><br>
<p>The Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Wynnefield Branch nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius Low House  is a Georgian manor in Piscataway, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States, built in 1741 at Raritan Landing. The Cornelius Low House is listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places. The house currently holds the Cornelius Low House/Middlesex County Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cornelius Low, Jr.</h3><br>
<p>Cornelius Low Jr. (c. 1700–1777) was the third of fifteen children. His grandfather, Peter Cornellessen Low, left Holland for the American colonies in 1659 and settled near Kingston, New York. Peters eldest son, Cornelius Low, moved to New York and established himself as a merchant. He married Margareta Van Borsum in 1695. During the 1720s, Cornelius Low, Jr. became a successful merchant in Newark, New Jersey. In 1729, he married Johanna Gouveneur, and they made plans to move to the emerging port community of Raritan Landing, near New Brunswick. Having shipping capabilities, Low became one of the communitys most prosperous businessmen.</p><br>
<p>During a great flood in 1738, Low lost his first home, located along the wharf near Landing Lane, in Raritan. Low obtained property for a new house on the bluff, opposite the Great Road (River Road) and overlooking the Landing. Low called the new home the “new house on the mountain,” referring to an entry in his family Bible. The new location allowed Low to keep a watchful eye on the activities at the wharves, and especially at his warehouse located between the river and the Great Road.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Low died in early 1777, but the British spared his house because his loyalty to the King of England remained steadfast until his death.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main portion of the home measures forty feet by thirty feet and originally included a -story kitchen wing. When it was built, it was one of the largest and most expensive in the province of East Jersey. It was built with more than 350 tons of sandstone. While most of the homes at Raritan Landing had stone foundations, this was the only house to have been built entirely out of stone. Today, the community of Raritan Landing is all but forgotten. The remains of the once-thriving village lie beneath portions of Johnson Park and River Road. The Low House is one of two remaining structures from the Landing and is a vital link to Piscataway and Middlesex County history.</p><br>
<p>Low wished the front of his home to reflect his stature as one of the most influential and prosperous men of the community. To that end, a ledge, or sill course, sits approximately three feet up from the ground and encircles the house. This sill makes the house appear to be sitting on a pedestal. Low purchased large, rectangular blocks of high quality stone for the front facade (facing the river and the community of Raritan Landing), most likely quarried in the Newark area. Low was a frugal man and the only finely dressed stone is on the side of the house facing Raritan Landing. The other three sides were built of less expensive rubble stone, or irregular pieces that required minimal dressing.</p><br>
<h3>Kitchen "ghost"</h3><br>
<p>It is believed the Metlar family removed the kitchen wing around 1870. A shadow, or kitchen "ghost," of the removed structure is visible on the exterior due to the different colored mortar between the stones. Within the shadow, an outline of the doorway that led into this room is visible. Due to its proximity to the kitchen, this room was most likely used primarily for dining or entertaining.</p><br>
<h3>Delft tiles</h3><br>
<p>The fireplaces in the Low House contain original 18th century Delft tiles. Delft tiles take their name from the city Delft, in Holland, where the tiles were first created in the 16th century. Until that time, tiles had been used as flooring and were made from red clay. By the end of the 16th century the tiles were used as wall tiles in many homes. Dutch houses were built near the water and, given the climate, tiles were ideal for keeping out the dampness and were used on the joining of walls and floors and for walls behind fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>The five families that have owned the property—the Lows, Pools, Metlars, Voorhees and the Strongs—took their charge very seriously. They were, for the most part, wealthier families who could economically afford the maintenance necessary with a property such as this. The Low House today is one of only two remaining structures from Raritan Landing, and is considered one of the finest examples of Georgian-style architecture in America.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Middlesex County, New Jersey bought the house and grounds. Under the guidance and administration of the Middlesex County Cultural and Heritage Commission. The County acquired the Low House to use as a local heritage museum for discussing the history of New Jersey and its context within that of national events.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior restoration</h3><br>
<p>While the house was in fair condition when obtained by the county, some changes were made. A garage and pool were removed from the back yard, and a new parking area was created next to the building. The ivy, which caused people to refer to the house as “Ivy Hall,” was removed. The entire roof, including the badly deteriorated support structure, was replaced in 1982–1983. Cedar shingles replaced the slate tiles that had been put on decades earlier. In 1987–1988, restoration replicas were installed to replace badly worn windows on the side of the house facing the water.</p><br>
<p>During the 1990s, a massive restoration was initiated to address major issues plaguing the Low House. In 1995, the Cultural and Heritage Commission and the Board of Chosen Freeholders accepted a grant from the New Jersey State Historic Trust for the restoration of the Low House. Under the guidance of Ford Farwell Mills and Gatch architects of Princeton, the restoration took place between 1995 and 1996. The Commission also installed new landscaping and built an "interpretive path," which included installations that tell the history of the house. The front facade was also repointed.</p><br>
<p>The first and second floor windows are approximately three inches off square and appear crooked. Originally, the two basement windows closest to the front entrance were doorways. These allowed access to the basement for Lows servants and workers so that certain goods could be stored there rather than in the warehouse along the Great Road. The front yard has since been substantially filled but the doorway outlines are still visible in the basement. Sometime after Lows death, these doorways were altered and turned into windows. Subsequently, the house settled and these windows are no longer square. In the mid-1980s, the front windows, having been severely exposed to the elements, were replaced. Rather than square up the window openings, the restoration firm installed fully functional, though crooked, windows in their place.</p><br>
<h3>Interior restoration</h3><br>
<p>From 1995 through most of 1996, Arvid Myhre Building Construction Company of Frenchtown, New Jersey completed the physical rehabilitation of the house. 26 layers of paint were stripped from the woodwork which was then repainted in historically accurate colors. Behind-the-scenes work included complete upgrades of heating and cooling systems, new electrical wiring encased in metal conduit, a state-of-the-art dry-feed fire suppression system, and new plumbing and water supply systems. Additionally, an exhibit system was fabricated to protect the original plaster walls, while still allowing the museum to install changing exhibitions.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Prior to restoration, an archaeological study of the grounds was undertaken, led by Hunter Research of Trenton. These digs yielded a wide variety of objects including clay pipe fragments, Delft tiles, glass pieces, and a British military button. The artifacts would help give more clues to what was going on in and around this house over the years, and would also confirm previous theories and thoughts regarding its history.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Guest House is in New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey, at Livingston Avenue and Morris Street. It was originally located on New Street  between Livingston Avenue and George Street. The Georgian stone farmhouse was built in 1760 by Henry Guest. He was a New Brunswick alderman and an associate of John Adams and author Thomas Paine. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Henry Guest, who operated a tannery, bought two and a half acres on the corner of Livingston Avenue and Carroll Place (New Street) in 1755. He built a sandstone house five years later and lived there with his family until his death in 1815. Henry Guest said, "If his descendants would only keep a roof on it, the house would stand till Gabriel blew his trumpet." In an 1817 sales advertisement the building was described as "one of the best stone houses in the State of New Jersey."</p><br>
<p>By the 20th century the house was threatened with demolition, and in 1924, it was moved up Livingston Avenue next to the New Brunswick Free Public Library. Over time, the roof and other parts of the building deteriorated. In 1992, the city and the New Jersey Historic Trust funded a major exterior renovation. A new roof, repointing of the mortar, and other repairs prevented further decay and today the Guest House is mostly used for meeting rooms.</p><br>
